Economy

Understanding Terms Used in Stock Market (Part 1)

Published

8 years ago

27/07/2018

By Dipo Olowookere

The last time, I wrote about key things to take note of before investing in the recharge card business especially with the way fraudsters try to lure unsuspecting victims into the business.

Today, I am focusing on the stock market, explaining some terms used in the sector.

The stock or equity market is one aspect of the capital market some people get confused about because of its high volatility.

By high volatility, I mean you can gain a huge amount in one trade and loss everything in the next transaction. It is unlike the fixed income market, another aspect of the capital market, where at the point of investment, you know what you are getting as profit.

Now to the common terms used in the market.

Share/Equity/Stock

These terms are commonly used interchangeably and they mean the same thing. A share is like an indivisible unit of capital showing you are one of the owners of a company.

When a company, owned by more than one person, is established and registered as a business entity, it must indicate its ownership structure, which is represented by the number of shares held by each of the persons. It is by this percentage the owners share any profit or dividend recorded by the firm during a given period of time.

Now, a company in need of cash to expand its operations can approach the stock exchange to sell its shares to the general public through an Initial Public Offering (IPO), also expanding the number of persons owning stakes in the firm.

When this is done, the stock market regulator, which is the stock exchange, allows trading of the shares of such company on its platform.

The value of these stocks at the market are determined by demand and supply as well as information about company, the sector or the country’s economic and political happenings.

If a company is having an internal crisis that found its way to the public domain, it is natural for some people, who bought shares of the firm, to panic and if they foresee that the crisis could be ‘brutal’, they will quickly offload (sell off) their shares, resulting in many sellers, but less buyers. Like in the elementary Economics, when this happens, the price of the commodity falls; vis-à-vis.

Trade

This is mainly the buying and selling of stocks on the floor of the exchange. It is the process of executing a transaction; selling or buying of shares of a company at the stock market at a particular price.

Deal

It is a single transaction carried out by a shareholder or investor during trading in the stocks of a company at the market.

Volume

The volume of shares is the total number of units of equities traded during a given period of time at the stock exchange. As expected, the volume of shares transacted by investors at any given trading session either rises or falls.

Value

This is the worth of an equity trading at the stock market. In stock market reporting, this could mean the total worth of stocks traded at the market for a given period of time.

Market Capitalisation

This is simply the total value of shares of the company selling its shares at the stock market. For example, if a company has a total of 1,000 shares selling at N5 each, its total capitalisation would be 1000xN5, which gives us N5,000.

As at the close of trading on Thursday, the total value of shares trading at the Nigerian Stock Exchange stood at N13.196 trillion.

All-Share Index (ASI)

The ASI is a bit complex, but I will try to break it down to make it understandable. It is mainly a statistics showing the direction or performance of the stock market.

Because during a trading day, some stocks will appreciate in price, while others will depreciate in value, with some remaining unchanged. As a result, there was the need to have an indicator showing a true reflection the market’s performance at the trading session.

So, in January 1984, the NSE put its index at 100 points and as at yesterday, it closed at 36,427.22 points after gaining 80.42 points.

Bear Market

This is when the market records a loss

Bull Market

This is when the market records a gain

Full Bid

This simply occurs when there are prospective buyers at the stock market but no willing sellers. This happens when investors have information that the stock may appreciate in price and there is a rush to own the stock so as make profit after selling it at a higher price.

Full Offer

This is the direct opposite of ‘full bid’. This occurs when there are prospective sellers of a stock but no buyers.

52 Week High

This is simply the highest value a particular stock was sold at in the past 52 weeks (one year).

52 Week Low

This refers to the lowest value a particular stock was sold at in the past 52 weeks (one year).

I will continue this piece in a subsequent post.

However, before then, please feel free to let me know where you require any further clarification.

Economy

FrieslandCampina Wamco, Three Others Raise NASD OTC Exchange by 1.41%

Published

9 hours ago

16/05/2026

Adedapo Adesanya

By Adedapo Adesanya

The NASD Over-the-Counter (OTC) Securities Exchange closed higher by 1.41 per cent on Friday, May 15, supported by four securities on the platform.

During the session, FrieslandCampina Wamco Plc added N14.24 to its share price to sell for N159.00 per unit, in contrast to the previous day’s N144.76 per unit.

Further, Central Securities and Clearing System (CSCS) Plc appreciated by N1.34 to N72.34 per share from N71.00 per share, Geo-Fluids Plc improved its price by 4 Kobo to N2.94 per unit from N2.90 per unit, and Industrial and General Insurance (IGI) Plc gained 1 Kobo to trade at 61 Kobo per share compared with Thursday’s closing price of 60 Kobo per share.

As a result, the NASD Unlisted Security Index (NSI) rose by 58.20 points to 4,188.41 points from 4,130.21 points, and the market capitalisation soared by N34.82 billion to N2.506 trillion from N2.471 trillion on Thursday.

During the session, the volume of trades went up by 180.8 per cent to 1.2 million units from 417,349 units, and the value of transactions increased by 29.8 per cent to N29.8 million from N23.2 million, while the number of deals fell by 22.6 per cent to 24 deals from 31 deals.

Great Nigeria Insurance (GNI) Plc ended the day as the most traded stock by value on a year-to-date basis with 3.4 billion units sold for N8.4 billion, followed by CSCS Plc with 60.8 million units exchanged for N4.1 billion, and Okitipupa Plc with 27.9 million units valued at N1.9 billion.

GNI Plc also closed the session as the most traded stock by volume on a year-to-date basis with 3.4 billion units worth N8.4 billion, followed by Resourcery Plc with 1.1 billion units transacted for N415.7 million, and Infrastructure Guarantee Credit Plc with 400 million units traded for N1.2 billion.

Economy

Profit-taking Sinks Nigeria’s Equity Market by 0.76% as Bears Take Control

Published

9 hours ago

16/05/2026

Dipo Olowookere

By Dipo Olowookere

The bears overpowered the Nigerian Exchange (NGX) Limited on Friday, sinking it further by 0.76 per cent when the closing gong was struck by 4 pm.

The nation’s flagship equity market was under selling pressure during the session, as investors booked profits after the shares witnessed price appreciation in the past trading sessions.

The energy sector was the most impacted, as it shed 4.43 per cent. The consumer goods index declined by 0.90 per cent, the banking counter decreased by 0.15 per cent, and the industrial goods sector lost 0.08 per cent, while the insurance counter gained 2.42 per cent, which was not enough to salvage the situation.

Consequently, the All-Share Index (ASI) contracted by 1,912.19 points to 250,330.92 points from 252,243.11 points, and the market capitalisation moderated by 1.225 trillion to N160.444 trillion from N161.669 trillion.

Zichis was the worst-performing stock for the session after it gave up 9.97 per cent to close at N29.43, FTN Cocoa slipped by 9.95 per cent to N8.96, The Initiates slumped by 9.90 per cent to N32.30, LivingTrust Mortgage Bank tumbled by 9.88 per cent to N3.83, and International Energy Insurance dropped 9.71 per cent to trade at N2.79.

The best-performing stock was ABC Transport, which grew by 10.00 per cent to N6.27. May and Baker also appreciated by 10.00 per cent to N47.30, SCOA Nigeria surged by 9.98 per cent to N33.05, Trans-Nationwide Express expanded by 9.97 per cent to N7.06, and DAAR Communications jumped 9.76 per cent to N2.25.

Yesterday, investors traded 1.1 billion shares worth N44.3 billion in 65,744 deals compared with the 1.0 billion shares valued at N41.6 billion transacted in 74,822 deals a day earlier. This indicated a dip in the number of deals by 12.13 per cent, and a rise in the trading volume and value by 10.00 per cent and 6.49 per cent, respectively.

Chams was the busiest equity for the day, with 328.5 million units sold for N1.1 billion. UBA traded 61.6 million units worth N2.7 billion, First Holdco transacted 58.7 million units valued at N4.2 billion, Secure Electronic Technology exchanged 51.9 million units worth N45.0 million, and Access Holdings traded 51.8 million units valued at N1.3 billion.

Economy

Naira Weakens to N1,371/$1 at Official Market

Published

9 hours ago

16/05/2026

Adedapo Adesanya

By Adedapo Adesanya

The last trading session of the week at the Nigerian Autonomous Foreign Exchange Market (NAFEX) ended on a negative note for the Naira on Friday, May 15, as it lost N15 Kobo or 0.1 per cent against the Dollar to trade at N1,371.04/$1 compared with the previous day’s N1,370.89/$1.

However, it further appreciated against the Pound Sterling in the same market segment yesterday by N20.77 to close at N1,830.61/£1 versus Thursday’s value of N1,851.38/£1, and gained N7.91 against the Euro to settle at N1,595.07/€1 versus N1,602.98/€1.

At the GTBank FX desk, the Naira lost N2 against the US Dollar during the session to sell at N1,383/$1 compared with the preceding session’s N1,381/$1, and at the black market, it remained unchanged at N1,385/$1.

The Naira is forecast to be broadly stable, supported by Dollar sales by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) amid steady, higher oil receipts, with the ‌market settling ⁠into a balance.

Policy direction is also expected to give the market some boost as the CBN said the new edition of the FX market guidelines will deepen liquidity, improve transparency and strengthen confidence in the country’s foreign exchange market.

According to the Governor of the CBN, Mr Yemi Cardoso, the update is due to changing global economic realities, domestic reforms and the need for a more coherent and forward-looking regulatory framework. According to him, the last edition of the FX manual was issued in 2018, making the latest review both timely and necessary.

Meanwhile, the cryptocurrency market plunged into the red zone as rising bond yields hit risk assets across markets, while traders are increasingly betting the Federal Reserve may need to raise rates again. Rising energy prices and resurging inflation could force central banks back into tightening mode.

Cardano (ADA) shrank by 4.4 per cent to $0.2557, Dogecoin (DOGE) slid by 3.7 per cent to $0.1104, Ripple (XRP) depreciated by 3.5 per cent to $1.41, Solana (SOL) crashed by 3.5 per cent to $87.81, and Binance Coin (BNB) slumped by 3.4 per cent to $659.64.

Further, Bitcoin (BTC) declined by 2.6 per cent to $78,547.49, Ethereum (ETH) lost 2.1 per cent to quote at $2,209.19, and TRON (TRX) tumbled by 0.7 per cent to $0.3509, while the US Dollar Tether (USDT) and the US Dollar Coin (USDC) traded flat at $1.00 each.