Economy
Africa Needs Stronger Tax, Trade Laws—Experts
By Modupe Gbadeyanka
Experts have advised African leaders to come up with stronger tax laws and trade treaties in order to block huge amount of money lost to weak tax laws and unfair trade treaties.
At the Pan-African Conference on Illicit Financial Flows (IFFs) from Africa organised by Tax Justice Network Africa (TJNA) in Nairobi, Kenya, speakers agreed that a lot of funds have been lost to weak tax laws and trade treaties and that African countries must begin a holistic review of all trade and tax laws to address this.
According to the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN), over $50 billion has been lost to multinationals who take advantage of weak tax laws and unfair trade treaties.
In an interview with NAN on the sidelines of the conference, Mr Jason Braganza, Deputy Executive Director, TJNA said Africa was yet to ascertain the real amount being lost to IFFs as the quoted $50 billion was just a fraction of the entire sum.
He said that the conference was part of efforts to broaden Africa’s approach at defining and calculating illicit financial flows with a view to stopping them.
Mr Braganza said that there were a number of ways through which multinational companies cheated African countries, taking advantage of weak laws and policies without breaking them.
“When we talk about broadening the definition, what we mean is the need to come up with an approach that includes aggressive tax planning by high net worth individuals as well as big multinational corporations who engage in harmful tax practices in order to maximise their profits.
“They take advantage of weak tax policies and tax laws in many African countries, which make the countries vulnerable to these multinationals who are able to manipulate the laws without breaking them.
“Therefore taking away the profits from where they are generated and moved to other tax jurisdictions like offshore tax havens where there is high level of secrecy and tax laws are in favour of multinationals.
“The way businesses conduct their activities, the international financial architecture is very fractured, fractured in the sense that the complexity of operating tools and models for business transactions means that one single business can have over 100 subsidiaries or special purpose vehicles.
“This sort of arrangement provides them with the platform to hide or not fully reveal the kind of activities they have been undertaking, the kind of incomes they are making.
“They are able to hide what they are supposed to be paying to government, this is a big problem,” he said.
Mr Braganza said the illicit ways high net worth individuals and corporations were exploiting weak existing laws, policies and legislation was having a detrimental impact on government ability to collect revenue.
He said also that it significantly impacted on government’s ability to implement development projects.
He therefore advised African countries to review their laws to check such excesses by multinationals.
Mr Braganza said also that there were weak laws that allowed multinationals to trade within themselves and either charge lower or higher rates to evade tax liability.
He said that the law review should also include transparency in transactions and audit reports adding that African countries must collaborate to check the activities of these companies.
He also called for review of all trade treaties especially those entered into for decades and were not beneficial to Africa but to the western nations.
“There are a number of laws, policies and strategies that need to be strengthened in order to avoid and close these loops.
“In Uganda for instance, the government has taken the decision to suspend the negotiation of new treaties pending a review of all existing treaties to understand what exactly is contained in these treaties.
“You can go even in the case of Kenya, there are treaties that dates back to the 70s that have never been analysed for people to understand what the country has signed itself up for.
“The first step is to really appreciate that some of the treaties that were signed several decades ago are harmful and detrimental to the economies.
“The second point is for members of parliament to get involved in this conversation and be part of the negotiation process that governments enter into and not leave it only to technocrats or bureaucrats.
“This is because the lawmakers are the ones who pass laws that have significant impact on how a government or an economy can run,” he said.
Mr Braganza also called on African government to show more political commitments to implement recommendations that had already been made on these issues.
“The high level panel is a good example, they have made very good set of recommendations that can actually help African governments to try and stop IFFs, to better improve the way they negotiate treaties.
“The African Tax Administrative Forum (ATAF) is another platform where governments should sign on, because ATAF is responsible and involved in developing legislation and policy guidelines for Africa perspective.
“So we advise that African countries review all trade treaties but most importantly, implement the recommendations that they have signed up to.
“There is a charter that all heads of state of AU have signed up to, committing themselves to working with their members of parliament to try and curb IFFs,” he said.
Mr Braganza said that TJNA had also been engaging parliaments from different African countries to build their skills to understand the technicality of some of these issues so as to inform their law making process.
He added that TJNA had a specific programme, African Parliamentary Network on Illicit Financial Flows and Tax which was dedicated to working with lawmakers across the continent.
By Adedapo Adesanya
Nigeria and the United Kingdom are moving to tackle a long-standing £1.2 billion discrepancy in their trade records, with both countries agreeing to develop a structured data-sharing system aimed at improving transparency and accountability across bilateral commerce.
The agreement was reached during a high-level meeting in London on March 18, 2026, held on the sidelines of President Bola Tinubu’s State Visit, under the Nigeria–United Kingdom Enhanced Trade and Investment Partnership (ETIP).
According to a statement by Nigeria Customs Service (NCS) spokesperson, Mr Abdullahi Maiwada, the talks signal a shift toward deeper operational cooperation between both countries’ customs authorities.
At the centre of the discussions was a persistent mismatch in trade figures. While Nigeria recorded about £504 million worth of imports from the UK in 2024, British records show exports to Nigeria at approximately £1.7 billion for the same period, leaving a gap of roughly £1.2 billion.
To address this, the two countries agreed to explore a pre-arrival data exchange framework that will connect their digital customs systems, with the aim of improving risk management, reconciling trade data, and strengthening compliance monitoring along the corridor.
The meeting was led by Comptroller-General of Customs, Mr Adewale Adeniyi and Ms Megan Shaw, Head of International Customs and Border Engagement at His Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC), and also focused on customs modernisation and data transparency.
Mr Adeniyi underscored the broader economic implications of the initiative, noting that customs collaboration plays a central role in trade facilitation.
“Effective customs cooperation remains a critical enabler of economic growth and sustainable trade development,” he said.
He added that “customs administrations serve as the frontline institutions responsible for ensuring that trade flows between both countries are transparent, secure, and mutually beneficial.”
The Nigeria–UK trade relationship spans multiple sectors, including industrial goods, agriculture, energy, and consumer products — all of which depend heavily on efficient port and border operations.
Beyond addressing data gaps, the meeting also highlighted ongoing modernisation efforts on both sides. The UK showcased advancements in artificial intelligence-driven trade tools, digital verification systems, and real-time analytics designed to enhance cargo processing, risk assessment, and border security.
The engagement further produced plans for a Customs Mutual Administrative Assistance Framework, alongside technical groundwork for capacity building, knowledge exchange, and a joint engagement mechanism under the ETIP platform.
Mr Maiwada said the outcomes are expected to strengthen Nigeria’s trade ecosystem and support broader economic reforms.
“The NCS has reaffirmed its commitment to deepening international partnerships as part of a broader modernisation agenda designed to promote transparency, efficiency, and competitiveness in Nigeria’s trading environment,” the statement said.
It added that “insights from this engagement will strengthen its operational capacity, enhance trade facilitation, and support Nigeria’s economic reform objectives under the Renewed Hope programme.”
By Adedapo Adesanya
Dangote Petroleum Refinery imported a total of $3.74 billion) worth of crude oil in 2025, to make up for shortfalls that threatened the plant’s 650,000-barrel-a-day operational capacity.
The data disclosed in the Central Bank of Nigeria’s Balance of Payments report noted that “Crude oil imports of $3.74 billion by Dangote Refinery” contributed to movements in the country’s current account position, as Nigeria imported crude oil worth N5.734 trillion between January and December 2025.
Last year, as the Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC), which is the refinery’s main trade partner and minority stakeholder, faced its challenges, the company had to forge alternative supply links. This led to the importation of crude from Brazil, Equatorial Guinea, Angola, Algeria, and the US, among others.
For instance, in March 2025, the company said it now counts Brazil and Equatorial Guinea among its global oil suppliers, receiving up to 1 million barrels of the medium-sweet grade Tupi crude at the refinery on March 26 from Brazil’s Petrobras.
Meanwhile, crude oil exports dropped from $36.85 billion in 2024 to $31.54 billion in 2025, representing a 14.41 per cent decline, further shaping the external balance.
The report added that the refinery’s operations also reduced Nigeria’s reliance on imported fuel, noting that “availability of refined petroleum products from Dangote Refinery also led to a substantial decline in fuel imports.”
Specifically, refined petroleum product imports fell sharply to $10.00 billion in 2025 from $14.06 billion in 2024, representing a 28.9 per cent decline, while total oil-related imports also eased.
However, this was offset by a rise in non-oil imports, which increased from $25.74 billion to $29.24 billion, up 13.6 per cent year-on-year, reflecting sustained demand for foreign goods.
At the same time, the goods account remained in surplus at $14.51 billion in 2025, rising from $13.17 billion in 2024, supported largely by activities linked to the Dangote refinery and improved export performance in other segments.
The CBN stated that the stronger goods balance was driven by “significant export of refined petroleum products worth $5.85bn by Dangote Refinery,” alongside increased gas exports to other economies.
Nigeria posted a current account surplus of $14.04 billion in 2025, lower than the $19.03 billion recorded in 2024 but significantly higher than $6.42 billion in 2023. The decline from 2024 was driven partly by structural changes in oil trade flows, including crude imports for domestic refining, according to the report.
Pressure on the current account came from higher external payments. Net outflows for services rose from $13.36 billion in 2024 to $14.58 billion in 2025, driven by increased spending on transport, travel, insurance, and other services.
Similarly, net outflows in the primary income account surged by 60.88 per cent to $9.09 billion, largely due to higher dividend and interest payments to foreign investors.
In contrast, secondary income inflows declined slightly from $24.88 billion in 2024 to $23.20 billion in 2025, as official development assistance and personal transfers weakened, although remittances remained a key source of inflow, as domestic refineries grappled with persistent feedstock shortages, exposing a deepening supply paradox in the country’s oil sector.
This comes despite the Federal Government’s much-publicised naira-for-crude policy designed to prioritise local supply.
By Aduragbemi Omiyale
An application has been submitted by Sovereign Trust Insurance Plc for its proposed N5.0 billion rights issue.
The application was sent to the Nigerian Exchange (NGX) Limited, and it is for approval to list shares from the exercise when issued to qualifying shareholders.
A notice signed by the Head of Issuer Regulation Department of the exchange, Mr Godstime Iwenekhai, disclosed that the request was filed on behalf of the underwriting firm by its stockbrokers, Cordros Securities Limited, Dynamic Portfolio Limited and Cedar of Lebanon Securities.
The company intends to raise about N5.022 billion from the rights issue to boost its capital base, as demanded by the National Insurance Commission (NAICOM) for insurers in the country.
Sovereign Trust Insurance plans to issue 2,510,848,144 ordinary shares of 50 Kobo each at N2.00 per share on the basis of three new ordinary shares for every 17 existing ordinary shares held as of the close of business on Tuesday, March 17, 2026.
“Trading license holders are hereby notified that Sovereign Trust Insurance has through its stockbrokers, Cordros Securities Limited, Dynamic Portfolio Limited and Cedar of Lebanon Securities, submitted an application to Nigerian Exchange Limited for the approval and listing of a rights issue of 2,510,848,144 ordinary shares of 50 Kobo each at N2.00 per share on the basis of three new ordinary shares for every 17 existing ordinary shares held as of the close of business on Tuesday, March 17, 2026,” the notification read.
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