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PolyU-led research reveals that sensory and motor inputs help large language models represent complex concepts
By exploring the similarities between LLMs and human representations, researchers at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU) and their collaborators have shed new light on the extent to which language alone can shape the formation and learning of complex conceptual knowledge. Their findings also revealed how the use of sensory input for grounding or embodiment – connecting abstract with concrete concepts during learning – affects the ability of LLMs to understand complex concepts and form human-like representations. The study, in collaboration with scholars from Ohio State University, Princeton University and City University of New York, was recently published in Nature Human Behaviour.
Led by Prof. LI Ping, Sin Wai Kin Foundation Professor in Humanities and Technology, Dean of the PolyU Faculty of Humanities and Associate Director of the PolyU-Hangzhou Technology and Innovation Research Institute, the research team selected conceptual word ratings produced by state-of-the-art LLMs, namely ChatGPT (GPT-3.5, GPT-4) and Google LLMs (PaLM and Gemini). They compared them with human-generated word ratings of around 4,500 words across non-sensorimotor (e.g., valence, concreteness, imageability), sensory (e.g., visual, olfactory, auditory) and motor domains (e.g., foot/leg, mouth/throat) from the highly reliable and validated Glasgow Norms and Lancaster Norms datasets.
The research team first compared pairs of data from individual humans and individual LLM runs to discover the similarity between word ratings across each dimension in the three domains, using results from human-human pairs as the benchmark. This approach could, for instance, highlight to what extent humans and LLMs agree that certain concepts are more concrete than others. However, such analyses might overlook how multiple dimensions jointly contribute to the overall representation of a word. For example, the word pair “pasta” and “roses” might receive equally high olfactory ratings, but “pasta” is in fact more similar to “noodles” than to “roses” when considering appearance and taste. The team therefore conducted representational similarity analysis of each word as a vector along multiple attributes of non-sensorimotor, sensory and motor dimensions for a more complete comparison between humans and LLMs.
The representational similarity analyses revealed that word representations produced by the LLMs were most similar to human representations in the non-sensorimotor domain, less similar for words in sensory domain and most dissimilar for words in motor domain. This highlights LLM limitations in fully capturing humans’ conceptual understanding. Non-sensorimotor concepts are understood well but LLMs fall short when representing concepts involving sensory information like visual appearance and taste, and body movement. Motor concepts, which are less described in language and rely heavily on embodied experiences, are even more challenging to LLMs than sensory concepts like colour, which can be learned from textual data.
In light of the findings, the researchers examined whether grounding would improve the LLMs’ performance. They compared the performance of more grounded LLMs trained on both language and visual input (GPT-4, Gemini) with that of LLMs trained on language alone (GPT-3.5, PaLM). They discovered that the more grounded models incorporating visual input exhibited a much higher similarity with human representations.
Prof. Li Ping said, “The availability of both LLMs trained on language alone and those trained on language and visual input, such as images and videos, provides a unique setting for research on how sensory input affects human conceptualisation. Our study exemplifies the potential benefits of multimodal learning, a human ability to simultaneously integrate information from multiple dimensions in the learning and formation of concepts and knowledge in general. Incorporating multimodal information processing in LLMs can potentially lead to a more human-like representation and more efficient human-like performance in LLMs in the future.”
Interestingly, this finding is also consistent with those of previous human studies indicating the representational transfer. Humans acquire object-shape knowledge through both visual and tactile experiences, with seeing and touching objects activating the same regions in human brains. The researchers pointed out that – as in humans – multimodal LLMs may use multiple types of input to merge or transfer representations embedded in a continuous, high-dimensional space. Prof. Li added, “The smooth, continuous structure of embedding space in LLMs may underlie our observation that knowledge derived from one modality could transfer to other related modalities. This could explain why congenitally blind and normally sighted people can have similar representations in some areas. Current limits in LLMs are clear in this respect”.
Ultimately, the researchers envision a future in which LLMs are equipped with grounded sensory input, for example, through humanoid robotics, allowing them to actively interpret the physical world and act accordingly. Prof. Li said, “These advances may enable LLMs to fully capture embodied representations that mirror the complexity and richness of human cognition, and a rose in LLM’s representation will then be indistinguishable from that of humans.”
Hashtag: #PolyU #HumanCognition #LargeLanguageModels #LLMs #GenerativeAI
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Under the MoU, Vingroup, Exposure, and the City of Kinshasa, through its relevant authorities, will collaborate to study and promote the procurement and deployment of VinFast’s fully electric vehicles, including electric buses, electric cars, and electric scooters, to meet the transportation needs of the city and its residents. In parallel, the parties will jointly develop a comprehensive electric mobility ecosystem encompassing charging infrastructure and after-sales services.
To support the transition to electric mobility, the cooperation will focus on modernizing and greening Kinshasa’s transportation system across public transport services, mobility solutions for government officials and civil servants, and transportation options for the general public.
Vingroup, through its subsidiary VinFast, will provide detailed commercial and technical proposals for vehicle fleets, including buses, cars, and scooters. Exposure will be responsible for developing a detailed preliminary business plan for vehicle procurement and infrastructure development, as well as initiating the necessary local administrative and legal procedures for importation, distribution, and operations. Meanwhile, the City of Kinshasa will review and propose appropriate incentive mechanisms, covering tax policies, regulatory frameworks, and access to infrastructure, to encourage the development and adoption of green mobility. A designated focal authority will also be appointed to manage and oversee the electric bus fleet.
During the initial phase, expected to run from now through the end of Q1 2026, the parties have agreed on a roadmap to conclude formal contracts to operationalize the above objectives. Under this roadmap, VinFast is expected to supply approximately 500 electric buses and 1,000 electric cars for public fleet operations in Kinshasa. Over the same period, VinFast and Exposure plan to implement supply and distribution agreements to introduce between 10,000 and 20,000 electric cars and between 50,000 and 100,000 VinFast electric scooters to the local market.
In pursuit of a comprehensive green ecosystem, the parties will cooperate in developing an extensive charging station network and an authorized service workshop system, ensuring stable operations and convenience for electric vehicle users.
Specifically, Vingroup reaffirmed its commitment to sustainable development and positive local impact through knowledge transfer and human resource development. These initiatives include training programs for drivers, technicians, and on-site operations personnel, as well as technical design support for electrified transportation infrastructure. Exposure will undertake technical and economic assessments of the charging network and vehicle maintenance and repair facilities. For its part, the City of Kinshasa has committed to supporting land allocation, identifying locations for charging stations, and ensuring reliable power supply solutions, thereby establishing a solid infrastructure foundation for Vingroup’s green mobility ecosystem in the city.
Mr. Jésus-Noël SHEKE WA DOMENE, Provincial Minister of Planning, Budget, Public Service, Employment, Tourism, Transport and Urban Mobility, representative of the City of Kinshasa stated: “The City of Kinshasa highly values our cooperation with Vingroup in advancing green and smart mobility solutions. This is a strategic step aligned with the city’s sustainable urban development vision, aiming to reduce environmental impacts, improve transportation infrastructure, and deliver long-term benefits to our citizens. We believe this partnership will help transform Kinshasa into a dynamic, modern, and livable city in the region.”
Mrs. Phuong NGUYEN, General Director of Vingroup Africa shared: “Vingroup is honored to partner with the City of Kinshasa on the journey toward building a modern, civilized, and sustainable living environment. The deployment of green and smart mobility solutions will not only gradually transform Kinshasa’s urban transportation landscape, but also create long-term, tangible value by improving quality of life for residents and supporting the city in achieving its future sustainable development goals.”
Previously, the Government of Kinshasa and Vingroup also signed a Memorandum of Understanding to explore large-scale urban development projects in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Under the MoU, the two parties will jointly study and develop a large riverside urban project covering approximately 6,300 hectares, strategically located within the capital’s urban expansion plan.
The mega urban development is expected to include residential areas, villas, hospitals, schools, shopping centers, hotels, entertainment complexes, and future government and ministerial offices, positioning it as a new tourism destination and a landmark of Kinshasa’s development. The city is expected to allocate land for the project in accordance with the agreed cooperation framework.
These strategic agreements underscore Vingroup’s international vision and growing global presence, reaffirm its pioneering role in green mobility, and further deepen economic cooperation between Vietnam and the Democratic Republic of Congo, as both countries pursue green growth and sustainable development.
Vingroup is Vietnam’s largest private conglomerate, operating across six core sectors: Industrials & Technology, Real Estate & Services, Infrastructure, Green Energy, Culture and Social Enterprises, guided by the vision of “To Create a Better Life for People”.
With a strong track record, scale, and proven capabilities, Vingroup continues to expand its international footprint. The Group was recognized by TIME magazine (USA) in the “TIME World’s Best Companies 2025” list, ranking among the world’s top 1,000 companies for outstanding contributions to sustainable development, innovation, and global impact.Hashtag: #Vingroup
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Security Tokenization Enters Operational Phase: BGEANX Exchange Enables Full Transaction and Settlement Workflow
For a long time, security tokenization has been regarded as an important direction for connecting traditional finance and the crypto industry. The challenge lies not in technological implementation, but in whether it can follow the settlement logic of mature securities markets. Without unified standards, it is often difficult to operate at scale and in compliance.
In this newly launched security tokenization system, BGEANX has integrated with the DTCC (Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation) settlement framework, making the transaction, asset registration, clearing process, and operational mechanism of digital securities complete and closely aligned with the logic of traditional securities markets.
Notably, BGEANX Exchange has simultaneously established a business rule system that matches the attributes of securities. In key areas such as product structure, investor access, information disclosure, and trading restrictions, it has introduced regulatory logic from traditional securities markets, providing clearer boundaries and rules.
On the user experience side, investors can participate in stock and ETF trading and portfolio management within a unified account system. This convenient experience lowers the operational barriers between different asset systems and enhances the ease of asset allocation.
Industry analysts point out that a security tokenization system built according to DTCC settlement logic is easier for traditional financial institutions and professional investors to understand, helping to narrow the institutional gap between digital assets and traditional securities markets.
With the official launch of the security tokenization system of BGEANX Exchange, digital securities have moved from conceptual exploration into practical operation, providing a reference pathway for the continued advancement of security tokenization.
Hashtag: #BGEANX
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Security Tokenization Moves Toward Practical Adoption, BGEANX Exchange Highlights Compliance Framework
As a future trend in finance, investors are most concerned with the operating rules and settlement mechanisms of security tokenization. Public information shows that BGEANX Exchange has introduced DTCC (Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation) standards, completing the processes of trading, registration, clearing, and settlement—giving security tokens a clear operational order within the platform.
The security tokenization products of BGEANX Exchange offer explicit rules at the regulatory level. Before participating in trading, users can clearly understand asset trading restrictions, settlement methods, and information disclosure requirements. For professional users, the clarity of these rules provides a more stable foundation for trading strategies and risk management arrangements.
Market participants point out that the key to broader market participation in security tokenization is having a sound operational mechanism. When trading, settlement, and rule disclosure form a unified system, security-type digital assets come closer to the form of financial products that can operate sustainably over the long term.
Amid the continuous emergence of RWA products, the security tokenization system of BGEANX Exchange is regarded as one of the most mature product models. From its launch, the system has incorporated compliance requirements, rule disclosures, and risk controls into a unified framework, enabling security-type digital assets to operate stably within a regulated structure. This provides a clear reference for the long-term development of security tokenization in the crypto industry.
Hashtag: #BGEANX
The issuer is solely responsible for the content of this announcement.
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