Economy
Nigeria’s Imports Jump 80.7% to $56bn in Six Years—WTO
By Adedapo Adesanya
Nigeria’s import levels increased by 80.7 per cent in six years, rising from $31 billion in 2017 to $56 billion in 2023, according to the latest World Trade Organization (WTO) Trade Policy Review.
This rise, according to the report, was primarily fueled by refined petroleum, which made up 38.3 per cent of the total imports.
The WTO noted that the Nigerian government’s trade and economic policies lacked consistency in the past, affecting the achievement of ambitious government goals.
The report added that some of Nigeria’s restrictive and interventionist policies seemed to counteract broader government strategies to support economic diversification and the integration of more productive manufacturing enterprises into global value chains.
The sixth Trade Policy Review of Nigeria, based on reports by the WTO Secretariat and the Government of Nigeria, emphasises the critical role of trade in Nigeria’s economic development strategy.
According to the WTO, Nigeria, with a nominal GDP of $363 billion, remains one of Africa’s largest economies, largely due to its oil and gas exports, which continue to dominate its portfolio.
“Crude oil alone accounted for 80.6 per cent of goods exports, while gas made up 10.5 per cent. Exports have risen by nearly 50 per cent over the last six years, reaching $65 billion.
“Exports of goods continue to be dominated by crude oil (80.6 per cent) as well as gas (10.5 per cent).
“Between 2017 and 2023, they increased by nearly 50 per cent to $65 billion. Services exports, about 6 per cent of all exports, are dominated by transport and travel (58.2 per cent), as well as increasingly financial services (22.9 per cent, predominantly traded digitally).
“The share of non-oil exports in total exports doubled between 2017 and 2023, consisting primarily of agricultural products, fertilizer, and metals.
“Imports also grew strongly from $31 billion to $56 billion, with refined petroleum accounting for the largest share (38.3 per cent).
“Services imports, which accounted for more than 20 per cent of total imports, are also dominated by transport and travel services (63.7 per cent of services imports), followed by other business services (20.1 per cent, predominantly traded digitally),” the report said.
The review highlights the Nigerian government’s ambitious Agenda 2050, which aims to diversify the economy and reduce reliance on oil by promoting manufacturing, linking domestic raw materials with industries, and expanding the domestic market.
The WTO said that despite these efforts, some restrictive policies seem to counter the goal of economic diversification.
“For example, the share of intermediate goods in non-oil imports fell from 44 per cent to 32 per cent between 2017 and 2023, indicating limited progress in expanding manufacturing’s contribution to the economy.
“Government strategies and policies at times seem to lack consistency and, in the past, did not fully achieve their ambitious objectives.
“Some restrictive and interventionist policies seem to counteract broader government strategies to support economic diversification and the integration of more productive manufacturing enterprises into global value chains.
“Nigeria’s trade in intermediary goods developed little between 2010 and 2021 and the share of intermediate goods in total non-oil imports declined from 44 per cent to 32 per cent between 2017 and 2023.
“FDI has continued its downward trend and virtually ceased in 2022, with few disaggregated figures available,” the report said.
The WTO explains that economic reforms have been underway in Nigeria, including the removal of fuel subsidies and a restructuring of the foreign exchange rate system.
According to the report, in 2023, Nigeria eliminated its complex multi-tiered exchange rate system, which had resulted in significant foreign exchange shortages.
“In 2023, the Government initiated important reforms regarding the foreign exchange rate, fuel subsidies, and fiscal discipline. In June, it eliminated a complex exchange rate system using multiple windows and rates which had led to significant foreign exchange (FX) shortages.
“The largely inaccessible official rate of the naira rapidly aligned with the parallel rate at which most FX transactions had effectively taken place and by March 2024, the official exchange rate had lost around 70 per cent of its value in USD terms.
“In 2023, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) also removed restrictions on the use of FX for the import of 43 groups of commodities, affecting more than 900 tariff lines that had been in place since 2015.
“A price verification system for imports and exports to avoid under- or over-invoicing was in place between August 2023 and June 2024. However, some FX restrictions remain in place, including repatriation requirements,” it said.
The report added that following an earlier failed attempt in 2020, the government also removed costly and inefficient fuel subsidies in mid-2023 but established retail price caps for fuels at the end of 2023, effectively reintroducing some form of support.
“These subsidies accounted for about 15 per cent of government expenditure in 2022.
The Nigerian government also decided to end the practice of financing a significant share of its spending via overdrafts from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), which had contributed to increasing debt as a share of GDP to 30 per cent.
“At below 9 per cent, the revenue-to-GDP ratio in Nigeria remains very low and the Government aims to increase it significantly by 2025.
The official exchange rate, which aligned with the parallel rate by March 2024, saw a rapid devaluation of the naira. In June 2023, Nigeria also removed longstanding foreign exchange restrictions on 43 groups of imports to ease access to foreign currency.
“These reforms were intended to create a more stable economic environment, though some foreign exchange restrictions remain, including repatriation requirements for companies.”
Economy
How Digital Payments Are Changing the Way Global Businesses Operate
For businesses operating across borders, payments are no longer simply the final step in a transaction. The way money moves can influence where a company sells, how quickly it can enter a new market, and how easily customers can complete a purchase. As digital payment methods become more diverse, businesses are adjusting not only their checkout options but also the way payment processes fit into wider operations.
This shift is particularly visible in international commerce. A company can now serve customers in multiple markets without relying on a single payment method or a traditional physical presence in each location. Digital payments have become part of the infrastructure that supports increasingly distributed business models.
A More Connected Payment Environment
Global commerce has created a more complicated payment environment. Customers in different countries may have very different expectations about how a purchase should be paid for. Some markets rely heavily on cards, while others have seen rapid adoption of digital wallets, bank-based payment methods, or other local alternatives.
For businesses, this variety creates both opportunities and practical challenges. Offering payment options that customers recognize can reduce friction during a transaction, while supporting several markets may require businesses to work with different payment technologies and providers.
Digital payments have therefore become closely connected to market expansion. A company entering a new country does not only need to consider demand for its products or services. It also needs to understand how customers in that market prefer to pay and whether its existing payment setup can accommodate those expectations.

More Choices for Businesses and Customers
The growth of digital payments has expanded the range of choices available on both sides of a transaction.
Consumers can increasingly choose between cards, digital wallets, bank transfers, mobile payment methods and other forms of electronic payment. Businesses, meanwhile, can select from different technologies and payment providers depending on their markets and operational requirements.
This development has changed the role of payments in the customer experience. Payment is no longer necessarily treated as an isolated technical process that begins only after a purchasing decision has been made. The available options can influence whether a customer completes a transaction in the first place.
For international businesses, flexibility can be particularly important. A payment method that is familiar and convenient in one market may be less relevant in another. Supporting a broader selection can allow businesses to adapt their payment experience without changing the underlying product or service.
The Rise of Alternative Payment Models
Traditional card and bank-based payments remain important, but the digital payments landscape has expanded beyond these established methods. Digital wallets, account-to-account payments, mobile solutions and cryptocurrency have all contributed to a broader definition of what a digital transaction can look like.
Cryptocurrency remains a smaller part of the overall payments landscape, but it has created another category of payment technology for businesses to consider. Specialized solutions such as BitHide can provide businesses with tools for handling crypto payments as part of their broader payment operations.
The significance of this development is not necessarily that every business will adopt cryptocurrency. Rather, it demonstrates how the payment landscape continues to diversify. Businesses operating internationally can increasingly choose from different models instead of relying on a single approach across every market.
Payments Are Becoming Part of Business Operations
As payment systems become more digital, their role increasingly extends beyond accepting money from customers. Payment processes can interact with accounting, order management, customer records and other parts of a company’s digital operations.
This is particularly relevant for businesses with large transaction volumes or customers in multiple countries. Manual payment processes can become difficult to manage as the number of transactions, currencies and payment methods increases. Digital systems can help businesses organize these processes within a wider operational framework.
The result is a gradual shift in how companies think about payments. Instead of treating payment processing as a separate function, businesses are increasingly considering it alongside other elements of their digital infrastructure.
This does not mean that every company needs a complex payment setup. The appropriate approach depends on the business model, target markets, transaction volumes and types of customers involved. For some companies, a small number of established payment methods may be sufficient. Others may need a more flexible arrangement because of the markets they serve.
Adapting to Different Markets
One of the more important changes brought by digital payments is the ability to adapt payment experiences to different markets.
International businesses often face differences in consumer behavior, financial infrastructure and preferred payment methods. A payment strategy that works well domestically may therefore require adjustments when a company expands internationally.
Digital payment technology can make these adjustments more practical, but it does not remove the need for local market knowledge. Businesses still need to understand customer preferences, applicable requirements and the practical costs associated with different payment methods.
This makes payment strategy part of international expansion rather than an issue that can be addressed only after a new market has been entered.
What Comes Next for Global Businesses
The digital payments market is likely to continue becoming more diverse as businesses and customers adopt new ways of moving money. The important change may not be the replacement of one payment method by another, but the growing ability to combine different methods according to the needs of a particular business or market.
For global companies, this creates an emphasis on adaptability. Payment systems need to support the way a business operates rather than becoming a limitation on where and how it can sell.
Digital payments are consequently becoming more than a convenient alternative to cash or traditional payment processes. They are increasingly connected to international commerce, customer experience and day-to-day business operations. As payment options continue to develop, companies that can adapt their payment strategies to different markets will be better positioned to operate in an increasingly digital global economy.
Economy
Dangote Refinery Accepts 52.6m Barrels of 68.1m Crude Offered in Q2 2026
By Adedapo Adesanya
The Dangote Refinery accepted 52.6 million barrels of crude oil and condensate from producers in the second quarter of 2026, representing 78 per cent of the 68.1 million barrels offered to the refinery, according to the Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC).
The refinery, which required about 63 million barrels during the three-month period, received the largest share of crude volumes offered to domestic refineries, accounting for about 98 per cent of total volumes offered by producers.
The figures were contained in the commission’s latest data on the implementation of the Domestic Crude Supply Obligation (DCSO), which showed that producers supplied 53.7 million barrels to local refineries between April and June.
The Q2 performance translated to a 97.4 per cent compliance rate with the DCSO, which is enforced by the NUPRC under Section 109 of the Petroleum Industry Act (PIA) 2021.
The agency said the DCSO framework operates on a “willing buyer, willing seller” basis, with monthly consultations between producers and refiners used to determine crude allocation volumes.
Despite producers offering the Dangote Refinery about 5.1 million barrels more than its quarterly requirement, the plant accepted 52.6 million barrels, leaving about 15.5 million barrels of the offered volume unaccepted.
NUPRC said the difference highlighted the need for continued coordination between producers and domestic refiners, particularly on commercial terms and logistics.
The commission attributed the improved DCSO compliance in the second quarter to increased local crude production and the signing of long-term crude supply agreements backed by bankable Sales and Purchase Agreements (SPAs).
According to NUPRC, these agreements have reduced transactional difficulties and improved the predictability of crude supply, enabling domestic refineries to plan their offtake more effectively.
Monthly data showed mixed performance during the quarter. In April, producers offered 19.31 million barrels against an allocation of 18.13 million barrels, while refineries received 20.88 million barrels, representing a 114.9 per cent delivery rate.
In May, producers offered 23.19 million barrels against an allocation of 18.78 million barrels, but actual deliveries fell to 14.23 million barrels, resulting in a 75.8 per cent compliance rate.
In June, producers offered 26.84 million barrels against an allocation of 18.17 million barrels, while refineries received 18.61 million barrels, representing a 102.4 per cent performance rate.
The NUPRC said it would continue to enforce the DCSO under the PIA while leveraging increased domestic production and commercial supply arrangements to support Nigeria’s energy sufficiency objectives.
Economy
Africa’s Core Financial Challenge is Infrastructural, Not Liquidity—Stanley Jacob
By Modupe Gbadeyanka
The Group Chief Innovation and Technology at Meristem, Mr Stanley Jacob, submitted that the core financial challenge facing Nigeria and Africa is not funding, but a lack of financial architecture and project readiness to deploy existing capital safely and productively.
At a forum organised by The Alternative Bank (AltBank) last Thursday in Lagos, Mr Jacob tasked policymakers to think out of the box, noting that the continent holds vast domestic capital pools.
At the event themed Beyond Interest, he also disclosed that the convergence of the Pan-African Payment and Settlement System (PAPSS) with the tokenisation of real-world assets could hand Nigeria a first-mover advantage in continental capital markets.
This sentiment was echoed by the Executive Director of Tugrande Alliance Limited, Ajibola Tobi-Osho, who pointed out that while Nigeria has moved from crisis management to macroeconomic stability, the binding constraint has shifted from inflation to capital allocation, with banks parking record liquidity at the central bank rather than lending to the businesses that drive jobs and growth.
Last Thursday’s programme was convened to advance the case for non-interest finance as a practical route to mobilising patient capital into Nigeria’s productive economy, as well as press investors and policymakers to judge every allocation by both the returns it earns and the capacity it builds.
The chairman of The Alternative Bank, Mr Muhtar Bakare, stated that Nigeria’s constraint is less a shortage of capital than a shortage of the trust that allows capital to do patient work.
“What we lack is not effort. We lack capital that stays long enough to turn effort into capacity, capacity into durable jobs and durable jobs into stability. That is why the distinction between extractive and productive capital matters,” he said.
Also speaking, the Governor of Lagos State, Mr Babajide Sanwo-Olu, averred that the government is not a competitor to private investment but an enabler of it.
“The future of finance is not only about the price of capital; it is increasingly about the quality of the economic activity that capital enables. Lagos is not only open for business; Lagos is prepared to do business,” Mr Sanwo-Olu, represented by the Commissioner for Finance, Mr Abayomi Oluyomi, stated.
In his remarks, former Governor of Lagos State and former Minister of Works and Housing, Mr Babatunde Fashola, argued that capital anchored to real, productive assets and to the public good delivers more durable value than money chased for short-term yield, and urged investors and institutions to weigh the long-term social returns of where they place their funds.
Delivering his brief on The Business Case for Ethical Capital, a member of Sterling Financial Holdings Company Plc board, Mr Abubakar Suleiman, traced The Alternative Bank’s journey from a modest non-interest window opened by Sterling Bank in 2014 to an institution he said now holds total assets approaching ₦500 billion and serves nearly a million customers.
“The Alternative Bank has shown that non-interest banking can grow, win customers, and generate profit. The business case for ethical capital already exists. Our task is to apply it with discipline,” he stated.
He pointed to WasteBanc, AltBank’s recycling initiative with the Lagos Waste Management Authority, and to Nigeria’s sovereign Sukuk programme as evidence that values-aligned finance can hold to commercial standards while connecting capital to identifiable, productive assets.



