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Economy

Mastering Futures and Options: A Guide to Starting Your Trading Journey

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Introduction

Trading in futures and options (F&O) has become a popular way to diversify investments and hedge risks in the financial markets. With the right knowledge and strategy, anyone can start trading and leverage F&O to maximize returns. This guide will walk you through the fundamentals of business with futures and options, how to start trading, and essential strategies for success.

Understanding Futures and Options

What Are Futures?

A futures contract is a financial agreement to buy or sell an asset (stocks, commodities, or indices) at a predetermined price on a future date and to start future and option trading futures and options. Futures are standardized contracts traded on exchanges like NSE (National Stock Exchange) and BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange).

Key Features of Futures Contracts:

  • Obligatory Execution: Buyers and sellers must fulfill the contract on the expiry date.
  • Margin Trading: Traders only pay a fraction of the total contract value as a margin.
  • Leverage: Investors can take large positions with limited capital.

What Are Options?

Options give traders the right (but not the obligation) to buy or sell an asset at a specific price before or on the contract expiry date.

Types of Options:
  1. Call Options – Gives the right to buy an asset at a fixed price.
  2. Put Options – Gives the right to sell an asset at a fixed price.

Why Trade Futures and Options?

  1. Hedging Against Market Risks: Investors use F&O to hedge risks in volatile markets.
  2. High Leverage: Traders can control large positions with minimal capital.
  3. Profit in Bull and Bear Markets: Options trading allows earning from both rising and falling markets.
  4. Portfolio Diversification: F&O trading provides exposure to various asset classes.

How to Start Trading in Futures and Options

1. Open a Trading and Demat Account

To trade in F&O and how to start trading you need a Demat and trading account with a registered stockbroker.

Steps to Open an Account:

  • Choose a SEBI-registered stockbroker (e.g., Zerodha, Upstox, Angel Broking).
  • Submit KYC documents (PAN, Aadhaar, bank details, income proof).
  • Complete account verification and receive login credentials.

2. Understand Market Fundamentals

Before trading, gain knowledge about:

  • Stock Market Trends: Track nifty 50, sensex today, and India vix to understand volatility.
  • Fundamental and Technical Analysis: Learn to analyze financial reports and price charts.
  • Option Greeks (Delta, Gamma, Theta, Vega): These help in assessing option price movements.

3. Learn About Margin Requirements

Trading in F&O requires margin money, which varies based on contract size and market conditions. Stockbrokers provide margin calculators to help traders plan their positions.

4. Choose the Right Trading Strategy

Popular Futures Trading Strategies:
  1. Trend Following Strategy – Buy futures in an uptrend, sell in a downtrend.
  2. Spread Trading – Buy and sell futures contracts simultaneously to minimize risk.
  3. Scalping – Profit from small price movements by making multiple trades.
Popular Options Trading Strategies:
  1. Covered Call Strategy – Holding a stock while selling call options to earn premiums.
  2. Straddle Strategy – Buying both a call and put option to profit from high volatility.
  3. Iron Condor Strategy – Combining multiple options contracts to limit risk and enhance returns.

5. Start Trading with a Demo Account

Most stockbrokers provide paper trading accounts where beginners can practice trading without real money. This helps in understanding price movements, placing orders, and managing risk.

6. Monitor and Manage Risks

  • Stop-Loss Orders: Protect against significant losses by setting stop-loss levels.
  • Position Sizing: Avoid investing all capital in a single trade.
  • News & Events: Track financial news, RBI policies, and corporate earnings reports.

Essential Tips for Successful F&O Trading

  1. Start Small: Begin with a few contracts and increase exposure gradually.
  2. Stay Updated: Follow market news, economic indicators, and stock trends.
  3. Avoid Overtrading: Excessive trading can lead to high brokerage fees and losses.
  4. Maintain a Trading Journal: Keep records of trades to analyze mistakes and improve strategies.
  5. Use Hedging Techniques: Reduce risk by using protective puts and call options.

Conclusion

Trading in futures and options is a powerful way to maximize investment opportunities and manage risks. By understanding market trends, choosing the right strategies, and practicing risk management, traders can build a profitable trading career. If you’re new to F&O trading, start with a Demat account, practice with demo trades, and gradually scale up as you gain confidence.

With the right approach, trading in futures and options can be a lucrative business venture and a strong financial tool for long-term success.

Economy

Nigerian Stocks Close 1.13% Higher to Remain in Bulls’ Territory

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By Dipo Olowookere

The local stock market firmed up by 1.13 per cent on Friday as appetite for Nigerian stocks remained strong.

Investors reacted well to the 2026 budget presentation of President Bola Tinubu to the National Assembly yesterday, especially because of the more realistic crude oil benchmark of $64 per barrel compared with the ambitious $75 per barrel for 2025. This year, prices have been between $60 and $65 per barrel.

Business Post observed profit-taking in the commodity and energy sectors as they respectively shed 0.14 per cent and 0.03 per cent.

But, bargain-hunting in the others sustained the positive run, with the consumer goods index up by 3.82 per cent.

Further, the industrial goods space appreciated by 1.46 per cent, the banking counter improved by 0.08 per cent, and the insurance industry gained 0.04 per cent.

As a result, the All-Share Index (ASI) increased by 1,694.33 points to 152,057.38 points from 150,363.05 points and the market capitalisation chalked up N1.080 trillion to finish at N96.937 trillion compared with Thursday’s closing value of N95.857 trillion.

A total of 34 shares ended on the advancers’ chart, while 24 were on the laggards’ log, representing a positive market breadth index and bullish investor sentiment.

Austin Laz gained 10.00 per cent to close at N2.42, Union Dicon also jumped 10.00 per cent to N6.60, Tantalizers increased by 9.80 per cent to N2.69, Aluminium Extrusion improved by 9.78 per cent to N12.35, and Champion Breweries grew by 9.71 per cent to N16.95.

Conversely, Sovereign Trust Insurance dipped by 7.42 per cent to N3.87, Royal Exchange lost 6.84 per cent to trade at N1.77, Omatek slipped by 6.84 per cent to N1.09, Eunisell depreciated by 5.88 per cent to N80.00, and Eterna dropped 5.63 per cent to close at N28.50.

Yesterday, traders transacted 1.5 billion units worth N21.8 billion in 25,667 deals compared with the 839.8 million units sold for N32.8 billion in 23,211 deals in the preceding session, showing a surge in the trading volume by 76.61 per cent, an uptick in the number of deals by 10.58 per cent, and a shrink in the trading value by 33.54 per cent.

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Economy

FrieslandCampina, Two Others Erase N26bn from NASD OTC Bourse

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By Adedapo Adesanya

Three stocks stretched the bearish run of the NASD Over-the-Counter (OTC) Securities Exchange by 1.21 per cent on Friday, December 19, with the market capitalisation giving up N26.01 billion to close at N2.121 billion compared with the N2.147 trillion it ended a day earlier, and the NASD Unlisted Security Index (NSI) dropping 43.47 points to 3,546.41 points from 3,589.88 points.

The trio of FrieslandCampina Wamco Nigeria Plc, Central Securities Clearing System (CSCS) Plc, and NASD Plc overpowered the gains printed by four other securities.

FrieslandCampina Wamco Nigeria Plc lost N6.00 to sell at N54.00 per unit versus N60.00 per unit, NASD Plc shrank by N3.50 to N58.50 per share from N55.00 per share, and CSCS Plc depleted by N2.91 to N33.87 per unit from N36.78 per unit.

On the flip side, Air Liquide Plc gained N1.01 to close at N13.00 per share versus N11.99 per share, Golden Capital Plc appreciated by 70 Kobo to N7.68 per unit from N6.98 per unit, Geo-Fluids Plc added 39 Kobo to sell at N5.50 per share versus N5.11 per share, and IPWA Plc rose by 8 Kobo to 85 Kobo per unit from 77 Kobo per unit.

During the trading day, market participants traded 1.9 million securities versus the previous day’s 30.5 million securities showing a decline of 49.3 per cent. The value of trades went down by 64.3 per cent to N80.3 million from N225.1 million, but the number of deals jumped by 32.1 per cent to 37 deals from 28 deals.

Infrastructure Credit Guarantee Company (InfraCredit) Plc finished the session as the most active stock by value on a year-to-date basis with 5.8 billion units valued at N16.4 billion, followed by Okitipupa Plc with 178.9 million units transacted for N9.5 billion, and MRS Oil Plc with 36.1 million units traded for N4.9 billion.

The most active stock by volume on a year-to-date basis was still InfraCredit Plc with 5.8 billion units worth N16.4 billion, trailed by Industrial and General Insurance (IGI) Plc with 1.2 billion units sold for N420.7 million, and Impresit Bakolori Plc with 536.9 million units traded for N524.9 million.

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Economy

Naira Crashes to N1,464/$1 at Official Market, N1,485/$1 at Black Market

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Official FX Market

By Adedapo Adesanya

It was not a good day for the Nigerian Naira at the two major foreign exchange (FX) market on Friday as it suffered a heavy loss against the United States Dollar at the close of transactions.

In the black market segment, the Naira weakened against its American counterpart yesterday by N10 to quote at N1,485/$1, in contrast to the N1,475/$1 it was traded a day earlier, and at the GTBank forex counter, it depreciated by N2 to settle at N1,467/$1 versus Thursday’s closing price of N1,465/$1.

In the Nigerian Autonomous Foreign Exchange Market (NAFEX) window, which is also the official market, the nation’s legal tender crashed against the greenback by N6.65 or 0.46 per cent to close at N1,464.49/$1 compared with the preceding session’s rate of N1,457.84/$1.

In the same vein, the local currency tumbled against the Euro in the spot market by N2.25 to sell for N1,714.63/€1 compared with the previous day’s N1,712.38/€1, but appreciated against the Pound Sterling by 73 Kobo to finish at N1,957.30/£1 compared with the N1,958.03/£1 it was traded in the preceding session.

The market continues to face seasonal pressure even as the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) is still conducting FX intervention sales, which have significantly reduced but not remove pressure from the Naira. Also, there seems to be reduced supply from exporters, foreign portfolio investors and non-bank corporate inflows.

President Bola Tinubu on Friday presented the government’s N58.47 trillion budget plan aimed at consolidating economic reforms and boosting growth.

The budget is based on a projected crude oil price of $64.85 a barrel and includes a target oil output of 1.84 million barrels a day. It also projects an exchange rate of N1,400 to the Dollar.

President Tinubu said inflation had plunged to an annual rate of 14.45 per cent in November from 24.23 per cent in March, while foreign reserves had surged to a seven-year high of $47 billion.

Meanwhile, the cryptocurrency market was dominated by the bulls but it continues to face increased pressure after million in liquidations in previous session over accelerating declines, with Dogecoin (DOGE) recovering 4.2 per cent to trade at $0.1309.

Further, Ripple (XRP) appreciated by 3.9 per cent to $1.90, Cardano (ADA) rose by 3.5 per cent to $0.3728, Solana (SOL) jumped by 3.4 per cent to $126.23, Ethereum (ETH) climbed by 2.9 per cent to $2,982.42, Binance Coin (BNB) gained 2.0 per cent to sell for $853.06, Bitcoin (BTC) improved by 1.7 per cent to $88,281.21, and Litecoin (LTC) soared by 1.2 per cent to $76.50, while the US Dollar Tether (USDT) and the US Dollar Coin (USDC) traded flat at $1.00 each.

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