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Economy

What you Should Know About Different Types of Financial Markets

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Financial Markets

Financial experts from CMC Markets share their insights into the types of financial markets and offer guidance on choosing where to trade when using derivatives such as spread bets and CFDs.

With the shockwaves of war, the pandemic, and a shifting political landscape rippling across the world, there has never been a more important time for traders to choose their markets wisely. Here, we will take a look at some expert insights on what to consider before trading.

What are the different financial markets?

There are many different types of financial markets that range from currencies to commodities and bonds. Each market then has specific subsets. For example, the commodity market is broken into Energy, Precious Metals, and Agricultural commodities.

What is the foreign exchange market?

Also known as the “forex market”, the foreign exchange market is the world’s largest and most active trading market. It is also the most liquid, which means it is the easiest to convert trades into real cash. While foreign exchange trading has long been dominated by large global banks and institutions, in recent years, it has become increasingly popular and accessible to individual traders.

Trading currencies is slightly different from trading other assets. Trading other assets usually involves trading in one market with profit and loss based on absolute returns (unless you are spread betting). For example, if you buy and the market goes up, you could make money. If you buy and it goes down, you could lose money.

However, foreign exchange trading is done using currency pairs, with one currency being traded against another. Profits and losses are measured by how one currency performs relative to another. For example, on a given day, the US dollar (USD) could appreciate relative to the euro but also decline relative to the Japanese yen. In the foreign exchange market, there are no absolute returns as there may be in other markets.

What is the commodity market?

In the commodity market, there are two main types of traders: hedgers and speculators.

Hedging is a strategy that involves opening multiple buy or sell positions at once to reduce the risk of loss and protect your portfolio from factors that are beyond your control.

A typical example of a hedger is a trader who wants to lock in a price for a product that they will then use at a future date, using futures or forward contracts. For example, farmers and agricultural companies may want to lock in a price for wheat for when they deliver it in September. This means that if the price of wheat falls between when it is sowed and when it is harvested, the hedgers are protected against any significant losses.

Speculators, on the other hand, look to profit from changes in prices as supply and demand conditions change. They have no intention of delivering or taking physical goods and instead try to predict (or speculate) which direction a particular market is headed and then trade from there. Spread betters and CFD traders can be classed as speculative traders, as they bet on the price movements of financial instruments rather than making a direct investment.

Commodities tend to fall into the following groups:

  • Precious metals and base metals
  • Energy commodities
  • Agricultural commodities

What is the treasuries and bond market?

The treasuries and bond market is another active trading market that gives you the opportunity to trade off wider economic trends across different countries.

Governments across the world issue bonds or gilts to individual investors, businesses, banks, and even other countries. A bond can be thought of as a share in the government – you lend them money for government spending and then they repay you with interest at a later date.

Governments sell bonds at different prices and with different rates of interest depending on the economic conditions at the time. Once a bond has been issued, it usually has a fixed rate of interest.

As well as interest payments, government bonds often also pay off with a lottery-style reward system that is drawn every month. Bond investors can receive tax-free cash prizes of up to £1,000,000 if their name is selected from the pool.

What is the stock market?

Stock market trading is what people usually think of when they think of financial markets and investments. The sale of shares from a company’s treasury to shareholders is known as the primary market.

With stock market trading, companies sell shares with the intention of raising further money and capital to expand their business. Traders may buy the shares with the expectation that the value of the company’s shares will rise; however, with derivative trading products such as spread bets and CFDs, you can also open short positions or sell the instrument if you expect the price of the stock to fall, which can lead to equal profits.

What are stock market indices?

Global market indices are the benchmark measure used to evaluate the strength or weakness of a particular region or country’s market performance.

A market index evaluates the performance of the top companies by market capitalisation or share price in a country. This is then used as a barometer for the market performance of a whole country and even to evaluate the impact of wider macroeconomic trends that can be seen in indices across the world.

Different indices are comprised of a different number of companies depending on the country. For example, the FTSE 100 evaluates the performance of the top 100 companies in the UK, whereas the Dow Jones 30 looks at the top 30 companies in the US.

Some of the best-known global market indices include:

  • FTSE 100 (UK)
  • Dow Jones 30 (US)
  • Hang Seng (Hong Kong)
  • DAX (Germany)
  • CAC 40 (France)
  • IBEX 35 (Spain)
  • OMXS30 (Sweden)
  • FTSE MIB (Italy)

How to choose which markets to trade

Understanding financial markets and deciding which ones to trade is, undeniably, complicated. However, there are a few different factors you should consider that can help to simplify the process, along with risk-management protocols.

For example, most traders begin their journey by trading in a market that they are familiar with before they look to branch out to international markets or assets that they are less familiar with.

Then, once you have started trading in a familiar market, you can try taking small steps into a similar area. For example, you might choose to expand trading from individual shares to stock indices or from resource shares to related commodities.

You should also keep your eye on both wider, macroeconomic trends (such as war or fuel supplies) and smaller shifts that are only taking place in a handful of niche markets. Balancing the small picture with the big picture is a key skill for any budding investor and spotting the relationship between small trends and big trends can lead to very smart trades.

Derivative trading comes with a number of risks, such as volatility within the financial markets and the potential of capital loss, so it is important you also consider how to combat these. For example, traders often place tools such as stop-loss and take-profit orders on positions after considering how much they are willing or able to lose. Even markets that some traders consider relatively safe, such as the bond market, can present opportunities for losses, so it’s important to always be prepared.

Economy

UK Backs Nigeria With Two Flagship Economic Reform Programmes

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UK Nigeria

By Adedapo Adesanya

The United Kingdom via the British High Commission in Abuja has launched two flagship economic reform programmes – the Nigeria Economic Stability & Transformation (NEST) programme and the Nigeria Public Finance Facility (NPFF) -as part of efforts to support Nigeria’s economic reform and growth agenda.

Backed by a £12.4 million UK investment, NEST and NPFF sit at the centre of the UK-Nigeria mutual growth partnership and support Nigeria’s efforts to strengthen macroeconomic stability, improve fiscal resilience, and create a more competitive environment for investment and private-sector growth.

Speaking at the launch, Cynthia Rowe, Head of Development Cooperation at the British High Commission in Abuja, said, “These two programmes sit at the heart of our economic development cooperation with Nigeria. They reflect a shared commitment to strengthening the fundamentals that matter most for our stability, confidence, and long-term growth.”

The launch followed the inaugural meeting of the Joint UK-Nigeria Steering Committee, which endorsed the approach of both programmes and confirmed strong alignment between the UK and Nigeria on priority areas for delivery.

Representing the Government of Nigeria, Special Adviser to the President of Nigeria on Finance and the Economy, Mrs Sanyade Okoli, welcomed the collaboration, touting it as crucial to current, critical reforms.

“We welcome the United Kingdom’s support through these new programmes as a strong demonstration of our shared commitment to Nigeria’s economic stability and long-term prosperity. At a time when we are implementing critical reforms to strengthen fiscal resilience, improve macroeconomic stability, and unlock inclusive growth, this partnership will provide valuable technical support. Together, we are laying the foundation for a more resilient economy that delivers sustainable development and improved livelihoods for all Nigerians.”

On his part, Mr Jonny Baxter, British Deputy High Commissioner in Lagos, highlighted the significance of the programmes within the wider UK-Nigeria mutual growth partnership.

“NEST and NPFF are central to our shared approach to strengthening the foundations that underpin long-term economic prosperity. They sit firmly within the UK-Nigeria mutual growth partnership.”

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Economy

MTN Nigeria, SMEDAN to Boost SME Digital Growth

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MTN Nigeria SMEDAN

By Aduragbemi Omiyale

A strategic partnership aimed at accelerating the growth, digital capacity, and sustainability of Nigeria’s 40 million Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) has been signed by MTN Nigeria and the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN).

The collaboration will feature joint initiatives focused on digital inclusion, financial access, capacity building, and providing verified information for MSMEs.

With millions of small businesses depending on accurate guidance and easy-to-access support, MTN and SMEDAN say their shared platform will address gaps in communication, misinformation, and access to opportunities.

At the formal signing of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Thursday, November 27, 2025, in Lagos, the stage was set for the immediate roll-out of tools, content, and resources that will support MSMEs nationwide.

The chief operating officer of MTN Nigeria, Mr Ayham Moussa, reiterated the company’s commitment to supporting Nigeria’s economic development, stating that MSMEs are the lifeline of Nigeria’s economy.

“SMEs are the backbone of the economy and the backbone of employment in Nigeria. We are delighted to power SMEDAN’s platform and provide tools that help MSMEs reach customers, obtain funding, and access wider markets. This collaboration serves both our business and social development objectives,” he stated.

Also, the Chief Enterprise Business Officer of MTN Nigeria, Ms Lynda Saint-Nwafor, described the MoU as a tool to “meet SMEs at the point of their needs,” noting that nano, micro, small, and medium businesses each require different resources to scale.

“Some SMEs need guidance, some need resources; others need opportunities or workforce support. This platform allows them to access whatever they need. We are committed to identifying opportunities across financial inclusion, digital inclusion, and capacity building that help SMEs to scale,” she noted.

Also commenting, the Director General of SMEDAN, Mr Charles Odii, emphasised the significance of the collaboration, noting that the agency cannot meet its mandate without leveraging technology and private-sector expertise.

“We have approximately 40 million MSMEs in Nigeria, and only about 400 SMEDAN staff. We cannot fulfil our mandate without technology, data, and strong partners.

“MTN already has the infrastructure and tools to support MSMEs from payments to identity, hosting, learning, and more. With this partnership, we are confident we can achieve in a short time what would have taken years,” he disclosed.

Mr Odii highlighted that the SMEDAN-MTN collaboration would support businesses across their growth needs, guided by their four-point GROW model – Guidance, Resources, Opportunities, and Workforce Development.

He added that SMEDAN has already created over 100,000 jobs within its two-year administration and expects the partnership to significantly boost job creation, business expansion, and nationwide enterprise modernisation.

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Economy

NGX Seeks Suspension of New Capital Gains Tax

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capital gains tax

By Adedapo Adesanya

The Nigerian Exchange (NGX) Limited is seeking review of the controversial Capital Gains Tax increase, fearing it will chase away foreign investors from the country’s capital market.

Nigeria’s new tax regime, which takes effect from January 1, 2026, represents one of the most significant changes to Nigeria’s tax system in recent years.

Under the new rules, the flat 10 per cent Capital Gains Tax rate has been replaced by progressive income tax rates ranging from zero to 30 per cent, depending on an investor’s overall income or profit level while large corporate investors will see the top rate reduced to 25 per cent as part of a wider corporate tax reform.

The chief executive of NGX, Mr Jude Chiemeka, said in a Bloomberg interview in Kigali, Rwanda that there should be a “removal of the capital gains tax completely, or perhaps deferring it for five years.”

According to him, Nigeria, having a higher Capital Gains Tax, will make investors redirect asset allocation to frontier markets and “countries that have less tax.”

“From a capital flow perspective, we should be concerned because all these international portfolio managers that invest across frontier markets will certainly go to where the cost of investing is not so burdensome,” the CEO said, as per Bloomberg. “That is really the angle one will look at it from.”

Meanwhile, the policy has been defended by the chairman of the Presidential Fiscal Policy and Tax Reforms Committee, Mr Taiwo Oyedele, who noted that the new tax will make investing in the capital market more attractive by reducing risks, promoting fairness, and simplifying compliance.

He noted that the framework allows investors to deduct legitimate costs such as brokerage fees, regulatory charges, realised capital losses, margin interest, and foreign exchange losses directly tied to investments, thereby ensuring that they are not taxed when operating at a loss.

Mr Oyedele  also said the reforms introduced a more inclusive approach to taxation by exempting several categories of investors and transactions.

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