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N21trn Illusion: How Banks’ Appetite for Government Debt Chokes Growth

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By Blaise Udunze

In a healthy economy, banks serve as the arteries through which capital flows to productive enterprises, creating jobs, stimulating innovation, and driving national prosperity. In Nigeria, however, the reverse has become true as the financial system now thrives not by financing growth, but by funding government deficits. It is an irony where banks grow richer as the economy grows weaker.

Government securities such as FGN Bonds, Treasury Bills, and Open Market Operation (OMO) Bills that were once meant to manage liquidity or finance short-term fiscal gaps have now become the lifeblood of Nigeria’s banking profitability. These instruments are considered risk-free and are backed by the full faith of the federal government. With the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) consistently raising interest rates to attract foreign capital and tame inflation, the yields on these securities have remained highly attractive, making them an irresistible refuge for banks seeking easy profits without the burden of lending risks.

The appeal is understandable with guaranteed returns without the uncertainties of default, collateral disputes, or policy instability. In contrast, lending to the private sector, especially manufacturing, agriculture, and SMEs, comes with high default rates, weak collateral frameworks, and volatile market conditions. Facing these odds, banks have turned away from real-sector lending, preferring to feed off the government’s insatiable appetite for domestic borrowing.

Monetary policy has only deepened this pattern. The CBN’s tightening stance, reflected in elevated Monetary Policy Rates (MPR) and Cash Reserve Ratios (CRR), has made commercial lending less attractive. When interest rates rise, so do returns on T-bills and bonds, prompting banks to reallocate capital toward government securities. Moreover, regulatory provisions permit banks to count government securities as part of their liquidity ratio, making the choice both profitable and compliant.

Macroeconomic instability, exchange rate volatility, inflation, and unpredictable fiscal direction further discourage long-term private lending. At the same time, many small and medium enterprises lack the collateral or formal structures required to access loans. Even when eligible, the prohibitive cost of borrowing, often above 27 percent, makes credit commercially unviable.

According to the CBN’s Financial Stability Report (2023), Nigerian banks held over N21 trillion in government securities, which was more than 40 percent of their total assets. Between 2020 and 2024, the Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG) observed that banks’ exposure to government instruments grew by 20-25 percent annually, while credit to the real sector expanded by less than 10 percent. The message is clear, revealing that the banking system has become addicted to sovereign debt.

Recent disclosures from the country’s largest banks provide empirical evidence of this troubling trend.

  • UBA’s H1 2025 interim report shows gross earnings of N1.61 trillion, with interest income of N1.33 trillion. Remarkably, N1.29 trillion of that interest income, which is nearly the entire figure, came from investment securities (amortised cost and FVOCI). This means the bank’s earnings were driven overwhelmingly by returns from government instruments rather than productive lending.
  • Access Holdings, in its FY 2024 report, noted that improved yields were “supported by higher returns from investment securities and fixed-income trading activities,” confirming that the bulk of its profit growth came from government instruments rather than credit expansion.
  • GTCO’s FY 2024 and H1 2025 statements similarly highlighted higher yields on fixed-income securities and FX revaluation gains as major profit drivers, again underscoring the dominance of non-lending income sources.
  • Zenith Bank’s investor updates for FY 2024 and Q1 2025 openly stated that “deliberate exposure to government securities boosted earnings,” pointing to a strategic shift toward sovereign debt holdings as a core profit engine.

The data reveals a uniform pattern across Nigeria’s banking industry: profits are being driven by government securities and FX-related gains, not by lending that creates jobs or stimulates production. In UBA’s case, interest from securities alone almost matched its total interest income, illustrating how lending has become a marginal activity. Access, Zenith, and GTCO’s disclosures also confirm that 2024 and early 2025 profitability was underpinned by investment securities and trading gains, which is a model that rewards financial inertia rather than developmental impact.

This trend has far-reaching implications. When banks channel funds toward government debt instead of private enterprise, the productive sector suffers chronic credit starvation. Nigeria’s private-sector credit-to-GDP ratio, hovering around 15-18 percent, pales in comparison to over 100 percent in developed economies and 45-60 percent in emerging markets. With limited access to capital, businesses shrink, factories close, and unemployment deepens. The economy becomes trapped in a cycle of low productivity, weak growth, and worsening inequality.

While banks celebrate record profits, those profits are increasingly disconnected from the real economy. This “risk-free banking” model may appear sound, but it is economically corrosive. It fuels short-term gains at the expense of long-term growth and exposes the system to sovereign risk. Should the government’s fiscal position deteriorate or interest rates spike further, the value of these securities could plummet, leaving banks overexposed and vulnerable.

The CBN has tried to correct course through its Loan-to-Deposit Ratio (LDR) directive, mandating that at least 65 percent of deposits be lent to the real sector. But compliance has been inconsistent and often artificial. Some banks engage in creative accounting or short-term consumer loans to meet the benchmark, without truly supporting productive sectors. The real challenge lies in policy incoherence when a government is too dependent on domestic borrowing and a regulatory environment that fails to reward productive risk-taking.

Nigeria’s financial system urgently needs to return to its primary role: fueling enterprise, not feeding bureaucracy. The government must reduce its borrowing appetite through fiscal discipline and tax reforms. The CBN should create a balanced incentive framework that rewards real-sector lending through credit guarantees, differentiated reserve requirements, and stable macroeconomic policies.

For banks, the call is moral, strategic, and patriotic. True banking is not merely about profit maximization but about building the foundation of national prosperity. The health of the sector depends on the strength of the economy it serves.

Nigeria cannot continue banking on the wrong side of growth. Every Treasury Bill purchased instead of a manufacturing loan and every bond bought in place of agricultural credit widens the gulf between financial success and economic failure. It is time for a reset to make banking once again the engine of real growth, not a spectator profiting from decline.

Blaise, a journalist and PR professional writes from Lagos, can be reached via: bl***********@***il.com

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The Role of TV in Preserving African Stories and Identity

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Preserving African Stories

Scroll through social media today, and you will notice something interesting: everyone is either reacting to a series, quoting a movie line, or debating a character as though they personally know them. Beneath the memes and binge-watch culture, however, lies something deeper. Television remains one of the most powerful tools shaping how Africans see themselves, remember their history, and tell their own stories. In a continent as diverse and expressive as Africa, that matters more than ever.

TV as a Cultural Archive, Not Just Entertainment

Long before streaming algorithms began shaping our viewing habits, television was already preserving African identity. From Nollywood dramas that capture the rhythm of everyday Lagos life to documentaries exploring Maasai traditions and Ghanaian folklore, TV has served as a living archive of the continent’s stories.

It preserves more than entertainment; it preserves language, culture, humour, values, and shared experiences. Unlike fleeting social media content, television allows stories to unfold with depth, exploring the realities of family, tradition, ambition, and modern African life without reducing them to stereotypes. That is the power of TV: preserving not just stories, but perspective.

Why Representation on TV Still Matters

There is a subtle but important truth: if people do not see themselves on screen, they may begin to believe their stories are not worth telling. This is why African TV content is more than entertainment; it is affirmation.

Seeing a character who speaks like you, struggles like you, or celebrates like your community does something powerful. It validates identity and challenges outdated narratives that have historically defined Africa through external lenses.

This is where MultiChoice Group, through platforms such as DStv and GOtv, plays an important role. They do not simply broadcast content; they help distribute cultural memory at scale.

GOtv, DStv, and the Everyday African Viewer

Think about a typical evening in many African homes: the TV is on in the background, someone is laughing at a comedy show, another person is watching a local series, and someone else is catching up on the news. That shared viewing experience remains very real.

Through platforms such as DStv and GOtv, African households are exposed to a blend of local storytelling and global content. More importantly, they have helped amplify African-produced content by bringing Nollywood films, African reality shows, talk shows, and documentaries into mainstream rotation.

It is not just about access. It is about visibility.

A young filmmaker in Lagos today is more likely to believe their story matters because they have seen similar stories broadcast widely. A child in Accra grows up hearing familiar accents and seeing environments that look like their own on screen, not as exceptions, but as the norm.

TV Is Also Shaping Modern African Identity

African identity is not static; it is evolving. Television reflects that evolution in real time.

Today, audiences see:

  • Young Africans balancing tradition and modern dating culture

  • Stories tackling mental health in African households

  • Fashion and music influences spreading through TV series

  • Political satire shaping public conversation

Conversations that were once confined to homes are now being explored on screen, giving audiences the language to discuss issues that were previously unspoken.

In many ways, television is doing what oral tradition has always done: passing stories, values, humour, warnings, and history from one generation to the next. The difference is that today’s griots are writers, directors, and broadcasters.

The Future: From Watching to Owning Our Narratives

The next stage of African storytelling is not just about being seen; it is about ownership.

As more African creators produce content and platforms continue to invest in regional storytelling, television becomes more than a mirror. It becomes a tool for shaping how Africa is represented to itself and to the world.

While streaming continues to grow, television, particularly accessible platforms such as GOtv, remains one of the most effective ways to reach everyday audiences across different income levels and regions. After all, storytelling only matters if people can access it.

African stories are not new. They have always existed in families, on streets, in markets, in history books, and through oral traditions. What television has done, and continues to do, is give those stories a stage wide enough for millions to experience them at once.

The next time you watch a local series or documentary on DStv or GOtv, remember that you are not just being entertained. You are participating in the preservation of African identity itself.

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The Future of AI in Nigerian SMEs: Overcoming Barriers to Implementation

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Kehinde Ogundare 2025

By Kehinde Ogundare

Ask a tech entrepreneur in San Francisco what AI means for their business, and they are likely to talk about competitive advantage, product differentiation, and scale. Ask a small business owner in Kano or Onitsha the same question, and the conversation shifts entirely.

For many Nigerian SMEs, the priority is keeping the lights on, managing costs, and finding sustainable ways to grow in a challenging economic environment. This difference in perspective explains why the global AI conversation, often shaped by assumptions about stable infrastructure, deep capital, and abundant technical talent, frequently fails to address the realities facing Nigerian SMEs.

This matters because Nigerian SMEs are not a peripheral concern. In 2024 alone, MSMEs contributed 46.32% to Nigeria’s GDP, accounting for 96.9% of businesses and 87.9% of employment. These businesses are the backbone of the Nigerian economy, and if AI is going to mean anything for Nigeria’s development, it has to work for them in the daily conditions they actually operate in.

However, research drawing on empirical data from 144 Nigerian SMEs found that inadequate infrastructure, low digital literacy, skills shortages, and regulatory gaps are collectively preventing them from meaningfully engaging with AI. Awareness of AI is high and growing. What is missing is a clear and honest conversation about what adoption actually requires in this specific context. The barriers are real, but none of them are insurmountable. The question is whether the tools, pricing models, and support structures being offered to Nigerian SMEs are designed with those barriers in mind, or whether they have been built for another market entirely.

Subscription models making AI affordable for small businesses

When most small business owners hear “AI,” they imagine expensive software, specialist consultants, and a hefty upfront bill.

That assumption is not entirely wrong, but it describes a particular way of buying technology, not AI itself. The shift that makes AI genuinely accessible at the SME level is the move away from large, one-time capital purchases towards tools that charge a predictable monthly subscription. Businesses can pay for what they use, scale back when necessary, and avoid the debt that a major technology investment can create.

The deeper opportunity here is consolidation. Many SMEs are already spending money across multiple disconnected tools—one for invoicing, another for customer records, another for stock tracking—none of which talk to each other. An integrated platform that handles several of these functions together, with AI built in, can actually cost less than the sum of those separate subscriptions while giving business owners a clearer picture of their operations.

With margins already under pressure, any technology a business adopts needs to visibly show an increase in productivity or bottom line. Subscription-based, integrated platforms, priced transparently and honestly, are the model that best fits this reality.

Infrastructure challenges demand a mobile-first approach

No conversation about technology in Nigeria is complete without confronting the infrastructure problem, and AI is no exception. Nigeria continues to face major infrastructure barriers, including limited broadband access, unreliable power supply, and high data costs, all of which constrain deeper AI adoption. These are structural features of the operating environment that any sensible technology strategy must account for today.

The electricity situation alone is significant. The World Bank estimates that the lack of stable electricity costs Nigeria’s economy approximately $26.2 billion annually, equivalent to about 2% of GDP, forcing many businesses to run on expensive diesel generators. That cost ripples outward.

In practical terms, AI tools built for Nigeria cannot assume a stable broadband connection or a computer that is always powered on. The tools that will actually get used are the ones that work on a smartphone, consume minimal data, and can function offline when connectivity drops, syncing back up when it returns. The mobile phone is already how many Nigerian SME owners run their businesses. AI that meets them there, rather than demanding infrastructure they do not have, is AI that has a genuine future in this market.

The direction is clear: build capability from within, using tools that make that possible. Recent AI performance research reveals that 64% of African workers are already actively using AI at work, signalling massive grassroots readiness and driving forward-thinking organisations across Nigeria, Kenya, and South Africa to aggressively prioritise internal upskilling frameworks to bridge the talent gap.

As the policy groundwork is being laid, the commercial ecosystem is beginning to respond. What remains is a clear-eyed acceptance that AI tools built for this market need to look different from those built for markets with different realities. Low cost, low bandwidth, and usability for non-technical people are not modest ambitions; they are the actual requirements. Build for those realities, and AI has a real future in Nigeria’s SME economy.

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When Leaders THRIVE: Yetunde B. Oni’s Candid Counsel to Lateef Jakande Leadership Academy

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When Leaders THRIVE Yetunde B. Oni

Union Bank’s Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer sat with 30 of Nigeria’s most promising young leaders for a frank conversation on character, relationships and the discipline of growth.

Out of 25,000 applicants, only 30 earned a place. That single figure tells you how rare the room was when Yetunde B. Oni, Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of Union Bank of Nigeria, recently sat down with a cohort of the Lateef Jakande Leadership Academy.

The Academy, a Lagos State Government initiative established in honour of Alhaji Lateef Kayode Jakande, the state’s first civilian governor, exists to raise a generation of ethical and capable young leaders. Its fellows are drawn from across professions, sectors and ethnicities, and shaped through a fellowship facilitated by the Africa Leadership Initiative, West Africa (ALI WA), whose work on values and principled leadership has become a quiet engine behind some of the country’s most thoughtful emerging talent.

It was into this gathering that Mrs Oni brought not a corporate address, but a conversation. Honest, personal and at times disarming, she spoke about the philosophies that have carried her through a career spanning more than three decades, the setbacks she has had to surmount, and the values that opened doors she never expected to walk through.

She gave them a framework to hold on to. She called it THRIVE.

The six principles

T — Take ownership of your relationships. Leadership, she argued, begins with the deliberate stewardship of the people around you. Relationships are not incidental to a career. They are infrastructure.

H — Honour God. She spoke openly about faith as a steadying force, an anchor that keeps ambition tethered to something larger than the self.

R — Recharge and refresh. Mental and physical health, she insisted, are not luxuries to be deferred until the work is done. Leaders who neglect their well-being eventually have less to give.

I — Invest in your growth. Continuous and heavy investment in personal development is, in her telling, the price of staying relevant. The learning never ends.

V — Value your work. She pressed the fellows on identity and brand. What do you stand for? Do you create value? Who, in truth, are you? The questions were not rhetorical.

E — Embrace setbacks. Failure, she said, is not the opposite of progress but a part of it. The leaders who endure are the ones who learn to metabolise disappointment rather than be defeated by it.

The people behind the leader

If one theme threaded the entire conversation, it was relationships. Mrs Oni was candid that she did not arrive at the top of Nigerian banking alone. She credited the steady support of family, her parents and her husband, alongside the mentors, friends, coaches and sponsors who shaped her at different stages.

She drew a sharp and useful distinction between a mentor and a coach, two roles often conflated and rarely understood, and she traced much of her progress back to a foundation of Nigerian cultural values: hard work, honesty and integrity, courtesy and respect. These, she told the fellows, are not relics. They are the very qualities that have earned her trust and opened doors throughout her journey.

“You need people,” was the message, delivered without sentiment. Relationships, she explained, must be managed and nurtured with the same seriousness one brings to any other discipline. Time must be managed with equal care.

On believing, and risking

Perhaps the most resonant moment came when Mrs Oni spoke about self-belief. She admitted that becoming the MD/CEO of Standard Chartered Bank, Sierra Leone, did not cross her mind – not because she was unqualified, but because she didn’t think she would get it. Encouraged by her husband, she applied anyway, and she got it!

That appointment would later see her make history as the first woman to lead a Standard Chartered Bank operation in her market.

The Union Bank of Nigeria appointment told a similar story. She had not even known the position existed after the CBN’s intervention. It came to her through relationships; through the quiet networks of people who knew her work and recommended her name while she was unaware in faraway Sierra Leone.

The lesson she left with the fellows was unambiguous. Believe in yourself. Take the risk. Put in for the thing you are not yet certain you deserve, because the opportunity you are waiting for may be one you cannot see, reaching you through someone you have not yet met.

Why this matters

Engagements of this kind are easy to underestimate. They produce no headlines about balance sheets and no immediate line on a financial statement. Yet they speak to something Union Bank has long understood: that institutions endure when they invest in people, and that leadership is built one honest conversation at a time.

Credit is due to the Africa Leadership Initiative, West Africa, whose facilitation of the Lateef Jakande Leadership Academy continues to shape young Nigerians of real promise, and to the Academy itself for the rigour of a process that turned 25,000 hopefuls into 30 fellows ready to lead.

For Yetunde B. Oni, the afternoon was less about what she had achieved than about what she was willing to give: her time, her story and her counsel, offered freely to those coming after her. It is, in the end, what the best leaders do. They light the path for the next generation, and they THRIVE.

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