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Nigerian Public Officials Receive N721bn Bribes in 2023—Report

Published

2 years ago

12/07/2024

By Adedapo Adesanya

Nigerian public officials received nothing less than N721 billion as bribes in 2023, a new survey titled Corruption in Nigeria: Patterns and Trends has revealed.

The report was published by the Nigerian Bureau of Statistics (NBS) in collaboration with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes (UNODC) and was based on a survey conducted with the UNODC.

According to calculations, the N721 billion paid in bribes amounted to about 0.35 per cent of Nigeria’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which was around N206 trillion.

According to the study, the average cash bribe was N8,284, an increase from an average of N5,754 in 2019.

“According to the 2023 survey, the average cash bribe paid was 8,284 Nigerian Naira. While the nominal average cash bribe size increased since 2019 (from NGN 5,754), this does not account for inflation. The inflation-adjusted average cash bribe in 2023 was 29 per cent smaller than in 2019 in terms of what could be bought with the money.

“Overall, it is estimated that a total of roughly NGN 721 billion (US$1.26 billion) was paid in cash bribes to public officials in Nigeria in 2023, corresponding to 0.35 per cent of the entire Gross Domestic Product of Nigeria,” the report read in part.

The report indicates that 56 per cent of Nigerians interacted with a public official in 2023, down from 63 per cent in 2019.

Despite this reduction, bribery remains widespread, with an average of 5.1 bribes paid per bribe payer, totalling approximately 87 million bribes nationwide. This is a decrease from the 117 million bribes estimated in 2019.

On payment mode, the report noted that over 95 per cent of bribes were paid in monetary form (cash or money transfer) in 2023.

It said public officials were more likely to demand bribes while private sector actors included doctors in private hospitals, which increased from 6 per cent in 2019 to 14 per cent in 2023.

Despite this rise, bribery in the public sector remains about twice as high, with public sector contact rates also being twice as high as those in the private sector.

In 2023, 27 per cent of Nigerians who interacted with a public official paid a bribe, a slight decrease from 29 per cent in 2019. Including instances where bribes were requested but refused, over one-third of interactions between citizens and public officials involved bribery.

Similarly, the report shows a growing trend of Nigerians refusing to pay bribes. In 2023, 70 per cent of those asked to pay a bribe refused at least once, with the highest refusal rates in the North-West zone at 76 per cent. All regions recorded refusal rates above 60 per cent. This indicates that Nigerians are increasingly standing against corruption.

According to the report, bribery is becoming less accepted in Nigeria. The percentage of citizens who view bribery requests as acceptable to expedite administrative procedures decreased from 29 per cent in 2019 to 23 per cent in 2023.

Fewer citizens reported suffering negative consequences after refusing bribe requests in 2023 compared to 2019. This suggests a growing empowerment among Nigerians to confront corrupt officials without fear of repercussions.

In 2023, 21 per cent of bribe refusers indicated they refused because they had other options. Normative concerns (42 per cent) and cost of living pressures (23 per cent) also played significant roles in their refusal to pay bribes.

Furthermore, not less than 60 per cent of public sector workers were hired due to nepotism, bribery or both between 2020 and 2023.

The report noted that six out of 10 successful candidates admitted to using either nepotism, bribery, or both to improve their chances of being recruited.

Specifically, 27 per cent of these candidates admitted to using only bribery, 13 per cent to only nepotism, and 19 per cent to both bribery and nepotism. On the other hand, 40 per cent of the candidates claimed to have secured their positions without resorting to any such means, based on data collected between November 2020 and October 2023.

The report read, “The selection process used to recruit public officials plays a crucial role in shaping the culture of integrity that should drive the civil service as well as ensure that recruits have the highest standards of professionalism and merit.

However, the 2023 survey findings indicate that the public sector recruitment process requires closer monitoring, as almost half (46 per cent) of people who secured a job in the public sector in the last three years before the survey admitted that they paid a bribe to facilitate their recruitment – about 1.5 times the share found in the 2019 survey (31 per cent).

“The 2023 survey also found evidence that a considerable number of people recruited into the public sector secured their posts with the help of a friend or relative, many in addition to paying a bribe: of all successful applicants in the last three years before the 2023 survey, 32 per cent were helped by friends or relatives. Overall, in the three years before the 2023 survey, around 60 per cent of public sector applicants in Nigeria were hired as a result of nepotism, bribery or both – about 1.2 times the share found in the 2019 survey.”

The report also noted that the use of bribery is notably lower when the recruitment process includes formal assessments.

Specifically, 51 per cent of candidates were not formally assessed, and of these, a significant 53 per cent admitted to using bribery or nepotism to secure their positions.

Conversely, among the 49 per cent of candidates who underwent a written test or oral interview, the use of unethical means such as bribery or nepotism dropped to 41 per cent.

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Adedapo Adesanya

Adedapo Adesanya is a journalist, polymath, and connoisseur of everything art. When he is not writing, he has his nose buried in one of the many books or articles he has bookmarked or simply listening to good music with a bottle of beer or wine. He supports the greatest club in the world, Manchester United F.C.

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Salary Benchmarking To Ensure Competitive Compensation

Published

2 days ago

20/02/2026

Dipo Olowookere

Salary benchmarking is the systematic process of comparing an organization’s pay rates, bonus programs, and total rewards against market standards. This article walks through why benchmarking matters, how to prepare and run an analysis, the best data sources and tools, and how to turn findings into defensible pay structures and ongoing processes.

Why Salary Benchmarking Matters For Online Businesses And Agencies

Without benchmarking, organizations risk three costly outcomes: underpaying (leading to high turnover and loss of institutional knowledge), overpaying (inflating fixed costs and reducing agility), or misallocating compensation across roles (creating internal inequities and morale problems).

For agencies that pitch retainer-driven services, predictable labor costs tied to market rates enable healthier margins and clearer pricing decisions. For in-house ecommerce teams, benchmarking supports workforce planning when launching new product lines or scaling paid acquisition efforts.

Finally, benchmarking is not only financial: it signals professionalism to candidates.

Key Data Sources And Tools For Accurate Benchmarks

High-quality benchmarking blends public data, commercial platforms, and human intelligence.

Public Government And Aggregated Salary Data

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) or national equivalents provide reliable occupational wage ranges, useful for baseline comparisons and compliance checks.

Industry Surveys, Salary Platforms, And Niche Reports

Platforms such as Payscale, Glassdoor, LinkedIn Salary, and specialized reports for marketing and tech roles give role- and location-specific distributions.

Recruiter Intelligence And Peer Networks

Recruiters and hiring agencies provide real-time insight into candidate expectations and accepted offers. Professional networks, Slack communities, and agency owner peer groups can also offer current market anecdotes that databases miss.

Internal Payroll Data And Turnover Metrics

Historical payroll, hiring velocity, offer-acceptance rates, and exit interview themes help normalize market data against internal realities. Using multiple inputs helps find a defensible midpoint.

How To Conduct A Benchmark Analysis Step By Step

A repeatable process keeps benchmarking actionable and defensible.

Gather data from at least three sources: one government/aggregate, one commercial salary platform, and one recruiter/peer input.
Normalize data for location and experience. Convert salaries to equivalent cost-of-living or remote-adjusted values if the company has distributed teams.
Adjust for total compensation. Include expected bonus, commissions, equity, and benefits to compare total rewards, not just base pay.
Build a comparison table with target percentiles (25th, 50th, 75th) for each role and highlight gaps vs. current pay.
Prioritize changes. Use a matrix that weighs business impact, retention risk, and budget feasibility to recommend immediate, near-term, and deferred adjustments.

This framework produces a clear narrative: where pay is behind, how much closing the gap will cost, and which adjustments will most protect revenue and client delivery.

Translating Benchmark Results Into Pay Structures And Budgets

Benchmark results must become predictable pay structures.

Normalize Data For Location, Experience, And Role Level

Apply consistent location multipliers and level definitions (junior, mid, senior, lead) so internal fairness stands up to scrutiny.

Build Pay Bands, Ranges, And Target Percentiles

Create bands with minimums, midpoints, and maximums tied to the chosen target percentiles. Bands help managers make consistent offer decisions and reduce bias.

Model Total Cost Of Hire And Budget Impact

Factor in employer taxes, benefits, onboarding costs, and ramp time. Present scenarios that show both absolute costs and return-on-investment when a higher-paid senior reduces client churn or improves campaign ROI.

Design Salary Bands, Bonus Structures, And Noncash Benefits

Consider sales- or performance-linked bonuses for account managers and revenue-attributed roles. Align Compensation To Performance, Retention, And Career Paths

Tie movements within bands to objective competency milestones (e.g., “strategic link acquisition that improves DR by X points” or “reduced time-to-rank for client cohort”), creating transparent merit progression that drives retention.

Communicating, Implementing, And Ensuring Pay Equity

Change management is as important as the numbers.

Gain Leadership Buy-In And Set Change Management Steps

Present benchmarking findings with clear ROI scenarios and phased implementation options. Leadership will respond to cost/benefit clarity, show how targeted raises stabilize revenue-generating roles.

Communicate Changes To Employees And Handle Pushback

Be transparent about methodology and timelines. Provide managers with scripts explaining why adjustments are happening and how employees can progress to higher bands.

Document Compliance, Pay Equity, And Recordkeeping Practices

Maintain audit-ready records of data sources, decision rationales, and salary matrices. Regularly run pay-equity checks by gender, race, and tenure to avoid legal and moral risks.

Thoughtful communication reduces rumors and ensures raises are seen as strategic investments, not arbitrary rewards.

Ongoing Monitoring: KPIs, Review Cadence, And Market Adjustments

Benchmarking isn’t a one-off. It requires monitoring and simple KPIs.

Track Competitive Positioning, Turnover, And Time To Fill

KPIs should include average comp vs. market percentile, voluntary turnover by role, offer-acceptance rate, and time-to-fill for critical positions. These metrics signal when the market has shifted.

Schedule Regular Reviews And Trigger-Based Market Rechecks

A typical cadence is an annual formal benchmark with quarterly spot checks for priority roles. Trigger-based rechecks, when turnover spikes, when offer-acceptance drops below a threshold, or when the market is disrupted, keep pay competitive between formal cycles.

With a small set of KPIs and a clear review cadence, agencies and online businesses can avoid reactive panic hires and keep compensation aligned with strategy and market reality.

Conclusion

Salary benchmarking equips online businesses and agencies to hire and retain the right talent without sacrificing profitability. When done well, benchmarking clarifies where to invest, makes offers defensible, and reduces turnover among roles that materially affect client outcomes and rankings.

General

BPP Confirms N1.1trn Savings from Procurement Reforms in 2025

Published

2 days ago

20/02/2026

Adedapo Adesanya

By Adedapo Adesanya

The Bureau of Public Procurement(BPP) said the ongoing procurement reforms saved the federal government over N1.1 trillion between January and December 2025.

The Director-General of the bureau, Mr Adebowale Adedokun, revealed this while defending the agency’s 2026 budget before the Senate Committee on Public Procurement in Abuja on Thursday.

The bureau also reported reduced contract approval timelines, additional cost savings, and tougher sanctions imposed on erring contractors and non-compliant government officials.

Mr Adedokun appealed for increased budgetary allocation in 2026 to enhance service delivery, create jobs, and strengthen institutional capacity for procurement oversight.

He further revealed that the bureau received N4.032 billion in 2025 and sought higher funding to reinforce anti-corruption efforts under the administration of President Bola Tinubu.

Earlier, the Chairman of the Senate Committee, Mr Olajide Ipinsagba, a lawmaker from Ondo North, underscored the bureau’s strategic role in driving socioeconomic development and promoting fiscal discipline.

Mr Ipinsagba assured the agency of legislative support while urging strict accountability and prudent utilisation of public funds allocated for its operations.

BPP reforms were committed to deepening transparency, compliance, and efficiency in Nigeria’s public procurement system. Some of them include adherence to a 21-day timeline, as mandated by the Public Procurement Act 2007. Also, the BPP is required to review cases, issue a written decision within 21 working days of receiving the complaints, and state the corrective actions, reasons for rejection, or remedies granted.

There are also plans to streamline approval processes, standardise documentation, and automate workflows to ensure timely and transparent procurement decisions.

General

FCT Council Elections: Police Impose 12-Hour Curfew

Published

2 days ago

20/02/2026

Adedapo Adesanya

By Adedapo Adesanya

The Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Command of the Nigeria Police Force (NPF) has announced a 12-hour restriction on movement across Abuja and its environs ahead of the council elections scheduled for Saturday, February 21, 2026.

In a statement, the Police Public Relations Officer of the FCT Command, Mrs Josephine Adeh, said the movement will be restricted to ensure security and the smooth conduct of the polls.

“The Commissioner of Police, FCT Command, Miller G. Dantawaye, psc., has announced a restriction of movement across the Federal Capital Territory from 6:00 AM to 6:00 PM on Saturday, 21st February, 2026, in view of the scheduled Area Council Elections,” the statement read.

The police clarified that the restriction will apply to all residents, except essential service providers and duly accredited election officials.

The command also called on residents to remain peaceful and cooperate with security agencies.

“The FCT Police Command urges residents to remain peaceful, law-abiding, and cooperate with security agencies to ensure a safe, free, and credible electoral process,” the statement added.

Meanwhile, the FCT Minister, Mr Nyesom Wike, declared Friday a work-free day ahead of the council elections.

In a broadcast, Mr Wike said the decision, approved by President Bola Tinubu, is to enable residents to travel to their communities to vote.

In contrast to the police announcement, the minister declared a separate restriction of movement across the FCT from 8:00 p.m. on Friday to 6:00 p.m. on Saturday, directing security agencies to ensure compliance.

Mr Wike urged residents to turn out in large numbers and conduct themselves peacefully, expressing optimism that the polls would produce leaders who would promote development and stability in the territory.

In the meantime, the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) says preparations for the elections are at an advanced stage, with strong voter participation recorded during the PVC collection exercise.

INEC disclosed that 1,587,025 Permanent Voter Cards (PVCs) have been collected across the FCT, representing a 94.4 per cent collection rate out of the 1,680,315 registered voters.

Security agencies have assured residents of adequate deployment across the territory to maintain order, as authorities emphasise the need for a peaceful, free, and credible electoral process.