By Adedapo Adesanya

President Bola Tinubu on Friday signed the N54.99 trillion 2025 appropriation bill into law.

The budget is almost a 100 per cent increase from the 2024 budget of N27.5 trillion.

The bill was approved by the National Assembly on February 13, after revisions to President Tinubu’s initial budget proposal of N49.7 trillion.

The key breakdown of the 2025 budget includes a total expenditure of N54.99 trillion, statutory transfers of N3.65 trillion, and a recurrent (non-debt) expenditure of N13.64 trillion.

Initially, President Tinubu proposed a N49.7 trillion budget for 2025. However, following additional revenue projections from key government agencies, the proposed figure was revised upward to N54.2 trillion on February 5, 2024.

The final approved budget then stood at N54.99 trillion after deliberations in the National Assembly.

According to Senate President Godswill Akpabio, the increase was justified by new revenue inflows from key agencies, which are expected to strengthen the fiscal framework for 2025.

The budget aims to stimulate economic growth, improve infrastructure, and address fiscal challenges, despite concerns about Nigeria’s rising debt profile.

The breakdown of the 2025 budget is thus: total expenditure: N54.99 trillion; statutory transfers: N3.65 trillion; recurrent (non-debt) expenditure: N13.64 trillion; capital expenditure: N23.96 trillion; debt servicing: N14.32 trillion; fiscal deficit: N13.08 trillion; and deficit-to-GDP Ratio: 1.52 per cent.

By Adedapo Adesanya

The Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC) has reaffirmed its commitment to implementing the Domestic Crude Supply Obligation (DCSO).

The DCSO is a key policy aimed at ensuring domestic energy security in Nigeria.

The Petroleum Industry Act 2021 (PIA) empowers NUPRC to impose the DCSO on upstream operators, licensees and lessees with the power to mandate the allocation of a specified percentage of their produced crude oil and condensate for sale in the domestic market.

The latest resolution followed a high-level meeting between the Commission’s Chief Executive, Mr Gbenga Komolafe, and representatives of the Oil Producers Trade Section (OPTS) and the Independent Petroleum Producers Group (IPPG)

The discussions focused on addressing industry concerns and ensuring the seamless enforcement of the DCSO.

NUPRC’s resolve to enforce the domestic crude supply obligation is aimed at addressing the current challenges of availability of feedstock for local refiners.

Due to several obligations and issues around production challenges, it is providing difficulties for local refiners to get the needed feedstock at a time when Nigeria is looking to cut imports.

Mr Komolafe emphasized the importance of upholding the Petroleum Industry Act, PIA, 2021 and maintaining regulatory clarity.

He noted that the DCSO regulation, developed in collaboration with stakeholders, provides clear guidelines under Section 109 of the PIA.

Introduction

Slippage is a common concern for crypto traders who use the best crypto exchange, especially during periods of high market volatility. It can lead to unexpected price changes between the time a trade is initiated and when it is executed. Understanding slippage and how to minimize it is crucial for optimizing trading outcomes. In this article, we’ll explore what slippage is, its causes, and how Swapzone’s advanced aggregation system helps reduce it for a smoother trading experience and crypto swap.

What Is Slippage in Crypto Trading?

Slippage refers to the difference between the expected price of a cryptocurrency trade and the actual price at which the trade is executed. It typically occurs when market conditions change rapidly, leading to discrepancies in pricing. Slippage can be either positive or negative:

• Positive Slippage: The executed price is better than the expected price, resulting in more favorable trade outcomes.
• Negative Slippage: The executed price is worse than the expected price, leading to potential financial loss.

Causes of Slippage in Crypto Exchanges

Several factors contribute to slippage in cryptocurrency markets:

1. Market Volatility

Crypto markets are known for their rapid price fluctuations. High volatility increases the likelihood that the price will change between the time a trade is placed and when it is executed.

2. Liquidity Levels

Liquidity refers to how easily an asset can be bought or sold without affecting its price. Lower liquidity, especially for less common tokens, can cause larger slippage due to fewer matching orders in the order book.

3. Large Trade Sizes

Executing large orders may consume multiple price levels in the order book, resulting in slippage. This is particularly common on smaller exchanges with limited order book depth.

4. Execution Speed

Delays in trade execution, whether due to network congestion or slow processing times, can lead to price differences and increased slippage.

How Swapzone Helps Reduce Slippage

Swapzone’s cryptocurrency aggregation model is designed to minimize slippage by leveraging advanced technology and broad market access. Here’s how Swapzone helps users reduce slippage:

1. Real-Time Rate Comparison

Swapzone continuously collects real-time data from over 20 exchange partners, allowing users to access the most up-to-date rates. This minimizes the risk of price discrepancies during trade execution.

2. Access to Multiple Liquidity Pools

By aggregating offers from both centralized and decentralized exchanges, Swapzone taps into a vast network of liquidity. This reduces the chances of encountering slippage, even for large trades.

3. Smart Order Routing

Swapzone’s algorithm automatically identifies the best route for each trade, optimizing execution across multiple providers. This ensures users receive the most favorable rates with minimal price impact.

4. Transparent Pricing

Swapzone displays all fees and costs upfront, allowing users to make informed decisions. Clear and transparent pricing reduces uncertainty and the risk of hidden slippage.

5. Customizable Options

Users can choose between the best rate or fastest execution options. This flexibility allows traders to prioritize speed or price efficiency based on their needs, further minimizing slippage risks.

Tips to Minimize Slippage When Using Swapzone

In addition to Swapzone’s advanced technology, users can take additional steps to reduce slippage:

• Monitor Market Conditions: Trade during periods of lower volatility to avoid sudden price movements.
• Split Large Trades: Divide large transactions into smaller orders to prevent significant price impact.
• Use the Best Rate Option: Select the best rate offer on Swapzone to secure the most competitive pricing.

Conclusion

Slippage is a critical factor to consider when trading cryptocurrencies, but with the right tools, it can be effectively minimized. Swapzone’s real-time data collection, smart order routing, and access to multiple liquidity sources provide a reliable solution for reducing slippage. By leveraging Swapzone’s capabilities and applying best practices, users can execute more accurate and cost-effective crypto swaps with confidence.