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Lagos: Achieving Slum to Neighbourhood without Evictions

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Slum to Neighbourhood

By Jerome-Mario Utomi

Recently, the Lagos State Building Control Agency (LASBCA) announced that it would commence the demolition of illegal structures constructed under high tension cables and others.

The demolition exercise is expected to affect owners of structures constructed under power lines, which contravene the state’s Physical Planning Laws.

Significantly, there is no doubt that the present administrations in Lagos State, southwest, Nigeria, have a sincere desire to move the state forward through fair and far-reaching policies that bother particularly in creating an organized and liveable environment for the citizens of the state.

Out of so much evidence, the above move by the Lagos State Building Control Agency (LASBCA), appears newest.

Peripherally, there are also reasons that qualify this development as alluring.

Separate from the awareness that the Lagos State Urban and Regional Planning and Development Law prohibits building under the centre line of overhead electricity cables and should ensure that there should be a reasonable amount of distance between a property and high-tension wire, this opinion piece recognizes that this particular move again narrates the state government’s efforts to engineer sustainable development in ways that protect the present and the rights of the future generations, and most particularly help enthrone organised and liveable environment for the citizens of the state.

However, beyond this applaud, stems some concerns. The global communities, especially development practitioners do not think that what the state government is doing in the name of urban renewal/upgrade/regeneration is the best way of turning Slum to Neighbourhood.

To add context to the discourse, from recent reports by development practitioners, it is obvious that sustainable development and the related notion of sustainability are becoming increasingly important policy objectives for government at different levels as well as in the private sector.

They suggest that there is a growing need to strengthen the conceptual understanding of different notions of sustainability and their implications.

In particular, there is a need to design effective policies that aim to achieve sustainability objectives, and more importantly, to analyse the implications of proposed policies.

From the above flows the ill inherent in the development efforts of Lagos state.

Fundamentally, the state is yet to conceptualise governance as a business that requires a series of objective analyses of implications of proposed policies.

Tragically interesting is the awareness that the state has chronically become reputed for achieving urban-related upgrades, renewal and developmental programmes more from a reactionary perspective and evictions as against being a function of the proactive design of effective policies anchored on international best practices.

This, in the opinion of the piece, partially explains why they lie in wait for citizens to build in unapproved places before moving in with their bulldozers for demolition/eviction.

If not, why is it that the state finds it difficult nipping illegal constructions/unapproved buildings by the bud, but convenient to demolish after construction?

Which one is easier and more cost-effective; taking proactive mechanisms/steps that prevent Lagosians from building in unauthorised places, or deploying the state’s resources to effect demolition of structures built in the full glare of the state government?

Most importantly and strategic, as a government, which one is most noble and dignifying option; being reactive or proactive?

While answer(s) to the above is awaited, there is an urgent need to underline that this act is by no means unique to the present administration in the state.

It may be recalled that demolition/forced eviction gained entrance into the state leadership lexicon in July 1990 when Raji Rasaki, in his capacity as Military Governor of Lagos State and Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida (IBB) as Military President, for yet to be identified reasons, destroyed Maroko. Over 300,000 people that inhabited Maroko then were reportedly affected.

About nine years after the Maroko experience, democracy came on board. But contrary to that expectation, even the dawn of democracy in May 1999 did not bring a shift in paradigm as successive democratically elected governors beginning with Senator Ahmed Bola Tinubu (May 1999 to 2007), Babatunde Raji Fashola (2007 to 2015), Akinwunmi Ambode (2015 to 2019) and presently Mr Babajide Sanwoolu, stuck to the practice.

Broadly speaking, the above sad account is a symbol of governments that are unmindful of or consciously decided to flagrantly ignore the global framework on physical planning of liveable neighbourhood, slum upgrade and urban regeneration.

To buttress this claim, let’s cast a glance at how a similar slum challenge was creatively handled in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, without displacement or eviction of the original occupants.

Instead of removing the favelas, a people initially considered/described as illegal occupants, many of the government’s policies were made to focus more on improving the infrastructure of the people/the area.

The Inter-American Development Bank, for example, funded a $180 million “slum to neighbourhood” project in 1995, which sought to integrate existing favelas into the fabric of the city through infrastructure upgrading and service development. The project involved 253,000 residents in 73 favela neighbourhoods in Rio de Janeiro.

When a favela was selected, a master plan for upgrades was drafted and community organizations were contacted and asked to provide their input. When the final plan was approved, incentive plans were implemented for hiring construction companies that employed local community workers.

From Brazil to Spain and South Africa, the story and experience is the same.

Comparatively, when one juxtaposes the above accounts as recorded in Brazil, with that of July 1990 Maroko’s experience, there exists a gully of difference.

Essentially, aside from the imperative of drawing useful lessons from Brazil experience, why the above examples are important is that here in Lagos state, each time the government wants to achieve this heinous objective (forced eviction/demolition), they tag the targeted community as a highly populated urban residential area consisting decrepit housing units in a situation of deteriorated or incomplete infrastructures.

At this point, one may be tempted to ask; whose responsibility is it to provide infrastructures, government or the people/residents?

Similarly, under the above excuse, the following Lagos communities have between 2003 and 2015 partly or wholly fallen under the bulldozers of the Lagos State government; Makoko community, Yaba, Ijora East and Ijora Badiya, PURA-NPA Bar Beach, Ikota Housing Estate, Ogudu Ori-Oke, Mosafejo in Oshodi, Agric-Owutu communities, Ajelogo-Mile 12, and some communities along Mile 2 Okokomaiko to mention but a few. A population totalling about 300,000, according to the Nigerian Slum/Informal Settlement Association was affected by this exercise.

To change this narrative, the state must be humble enough to admit that slums/illegal structures/unplanned settlements exist in the state as a result of the government’s inability to provide the needed, monitoring, enforcement and infrastructural needs of such localities.

More importantly, the state must commit to mind the fact that forced eviction is a brazen violation of the right to life, right to a fair hearing, right to dignity of the human person, the right to a private and family life, and the right to property guaranteed by the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, and the African Charter of Human and peoples’ Right (Ratification and Enforcement Act 1990).

Most essentially, is that UN Resolution 2004/28, recommends clearance operations only when conservation arrangements and rehabilitation are not feasible, but relocation measures must stand made, governments must ensure that any eviction that is otherwise deemed lawful is carried out in a manner that does not violate any of the human rights of those evicted.

Jerome-Mario Utomi is the Programme Coordinator (Media and Public Policy), Social and Economic Justice Advocacy (SEJA), Lagos. He could be reached via [email protected]/08032725374.

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Dangote’s Goodies Bag: Fuelling Joy and Fairness Across Nigeria

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Dangote Group

By Abiodun Alade

Just when Nigerians thought their wallets were running on fumes, Aliko Dangote comes to the rescue with a festive fuel price cut that’s like a vital breath of fresh air.

In a move as timely as it is generous, Dangote Petroleum Refinery slashed the ex-depot price of petrol from N970 to N899 per litre. This reduction followed an earlier cut barely a month ago when the price dropped from N990 to N970 per litre.

But wait, there’s more! Dangote, in partnership with MRS Oil Nigeria Plc, is also offering petrol at N935 per litre across all MRS filling stations nationwide, providing relief that extends from Lagos to Maiduguri, from Sokoto to Port Harcourt. From Okpella to Kano, Numan to Arochukwu, the ripple effect of this price drop will be felt nationwide. This marks a major shift in Nigeria’s fuel pricing landscape, addressing the long-standing issue of price disparities across states.

This price reduction could be the best holiday gift Nigerians have ever seen coming. As the holiday season begins, families across the country are packing their bags and heading to their hometowns to celebrate with loved ones. And with the ever-volatile price of petrol, travel costs can quickly spiral out of control. Enter Dangote’s timely intervention: a cut that ensures every Nigerian, from the bustling streets of Abuja to the far corners of rural Nigeria, enjoys a fair price at the pump.

Before this reduction, many Nigerians were forced to pay wildly different prices for petrol depending on where they lived. In some states, petrol prices were as high as double the national average, leaving citizens in remote areas to foot the bill for a situation beyond their control. Dangote’s partnership with MRS filling stations levels the playing field, ensuring that every Nigerian has access to affordable fuel, regardless of their geographical location.

The reduction in petrol prices is not just about saving money at the pump. It is about boosting productivity, reducing business costs, and, ultimately, helping to revive the economy. When fuel costs go down, it impacts everything from the delivery of goods to the pricing of services. Transporters, farmers, and small businesses all stand to benefit from this reduction, which could lead to lower overhead costs and increased economic activity. Think of it as a booster shot for the nation’s economic health – small steps like this have the potential to trigger long-term, positive change.

For Nigerians already struggling with inflation, this price cut is like a breath of fresh air. It means less money spent on travel, fewer expenses on goods, and more Naira left in people’s pockets for the things that really matter, like celebrating the season with family and friends.

Dangote’s latest move is more than just a testament to his business acumen; it is a clear demonstration of his support for the Nigerian government’s economic revival efforts. In a time when the government is working to stabilise the economy, lower inflation, and revitalise the nation’s industries, Dangote’s partnership with MRS filling stations is a welcome show of solidarity and appreciation to President Bola Ahmed Tinubu for the positive impact of the naira-for-crude swap deal on the Nigerian economy.

It is a pleasant example of how private enterprise can play a pivotal role to help government achieve its economic targets. This move could inspire other businesses to follow suit, showing that a little less profit can sometimes mean a lot more goodwill.

Dangote’s bold step may just ignite a chain reaction of corporate responsibility that could push Nigeria closer to economic recovery. Taking a cue from Dangote’s generosity, the Nigerian National Petroleum Company Limited (NNPCL) is reported to have reduced its ex-depot price of Premium Motor Spirit (PMS) from N1,020 to N899 per litre.

In the grand scheme of things, this is a classic case of “when you reduce the price of petrol, you fuel the economy.” It’s the kind of win-win situation that Dangote, with his sharp business acumen, knows well. As Nigeria faces challenges, Dangote is showing that sometimes, the best way to overcome them is through thoughtful, impactful actions – like lowering prices to give people more breathing room.

It is just another chapter in Aliko Dangote’s long-running story of giving back to Nigeria. Aliko Dangote isn’t just about cement, sugar, and salt – he is about making a tangible difference in the lives of everyday Nigerians, in line with the vision of his conglomerate. His philanthropic efforts, through the Aliko Dangote Foundation, have seen him tackle issues ranging from education to healthcare, and from water sanitation to job creation.

Whether it is building hospitals to improve healthcare access or offering scholarships to empower the next generation, Dangote’s fingerprints are all over projects that uplift Nigeria and her numerous citizens. He’s a businessman with a heart the size of his empire, consistently proving that his wealth isn’t just for personal gain – it is a tool for national and continental progress.

And let us not forget Dangote’s contribution to Africa’s infrastructure. His huge investments in refineries, petrochemical plants, and cement production not only boost Nigeria’s economy but help the entire continent. His commitment to reducing Africa’s dependence on imports is part of his larger vision: to create a more self-sufficient, prosperous Africa.

With the recent price reductions and the consistent nationwide distribution, Dangote is doing more than just easing the financial burden of fuel costs – he’s helping create a more equitable Nigeria. By tackling the disparity in fuel prices, he’s making sure that no Nigerian gets left behind. It’s a level of corporate social responsibility that is as rare as it is commendable, proving that when one man takes bold steps for the collective good, the whole country can benefit.

So, as Nigerians gear up for the holiday season, they can rest easy knowing that Dangote’s festive fuel gift is more than just a price reduction – it is a statement. A statement that fairness matters. A statement that Nigerians, regardless of their state or circumstance, deserve a shot at a better life. A bold statement of confidence in the government’s plans to revamp the economy. And perhaps most importantly, a statement that Dangote, with his sprawling empire and mighty heart, is committed to making sure that every Nigerian gets a little piece of holiday joy – one fair-priced litre at a time.

The reduction in fuel prices is a gift that extends beyond the festive season – it is an act that will continue to ripple through the economy long after the yuletide decorations are brought down. And who knows – maybe next year, he may jolly well surprise us again with even more goodwill. After all, when you are as generous as Dangote, the gifts just keep on coming! What a gesture of goodwill!

Abiodun writes from Lagos

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Achieving 15% Inflation and Economic Diversification in 2025

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Nigeria's inflation

By Kenechukwu Aguolu

President Bola Ahmed Tinubu GCFR, presented the Proposed 2025 Budget of Restoration, titled “Securing Peace, Rebuilding Prosperity,” to a joint session of the National Assembly on Wednesday, December 18, 2024. as required by the Nigerian Constitution. As expected. there have been divergent opinions about the appropriation bill with many referring to it as overambitious. While the budget is achievable, the projected reduction in Inflation is quite ambitious and may not be realized. More emphasis should have been placed on economic diversification.

The objective of reducing inflation to 15% which is a 59% decrease in a single year is particularly challenging. The increase in the value of the Naira, increased food production, and proper monetary/fiscal policies will surely drop inflation. However, achieving such a steep decline will not be feasible unless the value of the naira rises significantly; beyond what was projected in the appropriation bill.

Apart from agriculture, other sectors like tourism and mining can drive economic growth and resilience. Developing the Mining sector offers significant revenue-generation opportunities and will also lead to the establishment of more industries in Nigeria in a bid to take advantage of nearness to raw materials. The United Arab Emirates, France, Spain, etc, make massive revenue from tourism. Therefore, the Government should have demonstrated a greater economic diversification drive in the budget. Insecurity has hindered the development of mining and tourism in Nigeria.

Stabilizing the exchange rate at N1,500/US$ will require amongst other things; increased foreign exchange inflows through foreign portfolio/direct investments, improved balance of trade, increased domestic oil production and refining capacity. Policies aimed at boosting exports and reducing dependency on imports are crucial for achieving currency stability and strengthening the naira.

Addressing insecurity remains fundamental to achieving the budget’s objectives. Insecurity continues to undermine agricultural productivity, deter investment, and disrupt infrastructure projects. A peaceful and stable environment is essential for economic growth and the creation of opportunities for citizens.

The administration’s allocation of N4.91 trillion to defence and security underscores its acknowledgement of this challenge. However, addressing insecurity will require a comprehensive approach that combines military interventions with community engagement and socio-economic initiatives.

The 2025 Appropriation Bill, which has scaled second reading at the National Assembly, outlines an ambitious vision for Nigeria’s development. Critical to its success are inflation reduction, economic diversification, exchange rate stability, and improved security. The Government may wish to revisit the inflation projection and economic diversification drive. The National Assembly is expected to make adjustments to the bill during its review before passing it.

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The Return of the Dispersed Ones

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Adamawa health worker map Nigeria

By Kingsley Omose

Across Europe and North America, anti-immigrant sentiments are simmering and in some countries have broken out openly, resulting in leadership changes that are of seismic global proportions.

Following the global economic crises that attended the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020, the cost of living crises afflicted citizens and residents (legal and illegal) alike in countries that for decades had celebrated ultra-low interest rates and the piling on of credits that afforded individuals and companies.

Rather than provide the needed leadership and policies to address the challenges presented by the cost of living crises that were the direct effect of rising interest rates, far-right politicians in Europe and North America conveniently blamed this on migrant populations.

Far-right politicians are now gaining ground in the UK, France and Germany, the three biggest economies on the European continent, and while mass deportations are yet to feature openly in public discourse, policies are already being implemented in these countries that indicate what lies ahead.

In the United States on the other hand, a far-right politician will be sworn in on January 20, 2025, who was elected with the understanding that the over 12 million illegal immigrants in the country will be subjected to mass deportations from day one when he is sworn in as the US President.

The bulk of these over 12 million illegal immigrants are from Latin American countries that border the US but a good number of them also come from Sub-Saharan Africa especially Nigeria where economic hardship has driven many young people into voluntary exile.

Only time will tell whether these anti-immigrant policies being pursued by these far-right politicians will address the economic woes in their respective countries but what is clear is that the floodgates are about to burst open in the US and much later in Europe and the UK to expel illegal immigrants.

On the surface, these anti-immigrant policies appear to be targeted towards addressing economic issues, but the underlying issues appear to have racist colouration, meaning that even legal immigrants can not yet shout Uhuru.

The goal here is for subsaharan African countries especially Nigeria to begin to put in place policies and measures to allow for these returning immigrants to reintegrate back into their respective home countries as many of them will be returning with much-needed skills, capacities and resources.

The first recommendation is for the Nigerian authorities to improve the speedy issuance of temporary travel documents to Nigerians in the US, preferably online, without charging any fees. Also, Nigerians arriving in the country from the US without a Nigerian passport should be allowed entry.

Many of these returning Nigerians from the US have grown-up children who are American citizens and may want to accompany their parents or come to visit them afterwards. As long as these US citizens have passports that carry Nigerian names, they should be issued with visas on arrival at no extra cost.

The second recommendation is that officials of the Nigerian Diaspora Commission should also create an online portal to allow these returnee Nigerians to register their particulars and job experiences and skills including entrepreneurial capacities prior to arriving in Nigeria or soon after arriving to facilitate their reintegration.

A help desk should also be set up at the Nigerian Diaspora Commission to help these returnee Nigerians navigate their way through the basic steps of obtaining ID cards, NIN, Drivers Licenses, opening bank accounts, obtaining SIM cards, and such other documentation needed to hit the ground running.

The third recommendation is that some of these returnee Nigerians may require temporary accommodation until they can reconnect with family members, friends, and loved ones. Again, this falls within the scope of the Nigerian Diaspora Commission to provide temporary accommodation in much-needed cases.

The fourth recommendation is for the federal and state governments to improve the power supply, and the general security situation will go a long way towards enhancing the productivity of these returnee Nigerians. No one wants a spike in the kidnapping of returnee Nigerians to avoid the double jeopardy that entails.

The final recommendation is for the family members of these returnee Nigerians who have for decades been beneficiaries of remittances sent by their relatives in the Diaspora. A lot of understanding and support will be required to reposition these returnees. Nigerians and family members will be required to make sacrifices in this regard.

Rather than focus on the negative consequences of anti-immigrant sentiments and policies in the US and Europe, and the likely return to Nigeria of undocumented citizens based in the US, vast opportunities await these Nigerians and Nigeria as it begins to harness the immense value in return for its dispersed ones.

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