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API Architecture: The Invisible Engine Powering Modern Banking

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Echezona Agubata API Architecture

By Echezona Agubata

Banking has evolved far beyond the days of paper ledgers and long queues. Today, it’s a dynamic force driving Nigeria’s economy, responding to customers in real time, and powering digital innovation. The unsung hero behind this transformation is the Application Programming Interface (API)—a tool that lets bank systems communicate seamlessly with each other and external partners.

In Nigeria’s fast-growing digital finance landscape, APIs are the invisible engine enabling banks to offer instant balance checks, process payments at retail checkouts, or verify identities for loan approvals. The secret to their success? A robust API architecture, the structured framework that makes banking secure, scalable, and innovative. 

Picture API architecture as a bridge connecting islands of financial services. It allows banks to share data securely. In Nigeria, where digital banking is literarily booming, APIs let banks like Coronation Merchant Bank expand services without rebuilding infrastructure. This flexibility fuels innovation, enabling tailored solutions for everyone from small businesses to large corporations. 

The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) along with Industry players ensure this ecosystem is secure and trustworthy. Its regulations mandate standards like OAuth 2.0 for authentication, tokenization to protect data, and encrypted channels to safeguard transactions. Real-time monitoring and customer consent protocols further build trust, ensuring data is shared only with permission. These rules aren’t just technical or ethical—they’re the backbone of Nigeria’s open banking system, fostering collaboration and innovation. 

How do APIs work? Imagine a well-orchestrated machine. The API acts as

     ● A Gateway: the gatekeeper to a product. It authenticates requests and ensures only authorized people are granted access to the product. It also helps limit the number of requests that can be made for the product at any given time. For instance, when a bank’s mobile app requests a customer’s transaction history, the transaction history API (as a gateway) verifies access (both customer and mobile app) before treating the transaction history request. 

  • A Guide: the protocol or security who ensures that even authenticated users are only allowed to access products and data that they are authorized to have 
  • A Funnell: the pipe that ensures that authenticated users access products and data from known locations/sources to known destinations 
  • An Agent: the agent that ensures that applications regardless of the service offering have access to data/products in the same way as every other application. This gives unified experience across respective platforms that are consuming the service/data offered by the API 

Here’s a simplified view of the flow: 

API Architecture

Explanation: An app or corporate system sends a request to the API gateway, which authenticates and routes it. The orchestration layer processes it using endpoints, pulling data from the core system via middleware. 

The orchestration layer (behind the gateway) breaks services—like catalog, shopping cart, or ordering—into modular endpoints, like building blocks online shops can share securely. The modular endpoints connect these APIs to core systems, translating the requests into formats that can be processed by the core system. Companies also provide developer portals with clear documentation and sandbox environments, simplifying integration for partners. 

This architecture can be built for scale. Banks process millions of transactions daily using load balancing to scale out resources, and distribute traffic in a dynamic fashion. This architecture could incorporate the use of in-memory databases and Queueing technologies to cache frequently used data for swifter processing. More so, this introduces rate limiting features which help isolate any problem areas without affecting the entire service as a whole. 

Challenges abound. One of such is the existence of legacy systems as many banks and organizations often rely on decades-old mainframes (core systems), thus requiring a middleware solution to bridge old and new systems—a complex but critical step. Another recent challenge is the need to enforce data privacy expectations, this has made encryption and data masking a necessary action. Encryption in itself comes with its own attendant side-effects especially where applied on data without proper service governance. It can slow performance, so banks and organizations use caching and optimized data flows to balance speed and security. Compliance with CBN guidelines and Nigeria’s data privacy laws demands robust

consent management and audit trails. Versioning APIs (e.g., /v1/payments) prevents disruptions when systems evolve. 

Real-world examples highlight APIs’ impact. Coronation Merchant Bank built the Dangote ISOP Collection API to streamline payments for Dangote’s distributors. These payments were previously riddled with slow reconciliations and delayed cash flow. The API integrates payments directly into Dangote’s ERP system and thereby automating the process, reducing errors, and strengthening business ties. Another bank used a KYC API to verify customer identities for loan applications, cutting onboarding time while meeting CBN standards. A third example involves a major Nigerian bank’s payment API, which enables instant corporate transfers for retailers, ensuring funds clear in seconds during peak sales. 

APIs are also driving open finance. The CBN’s 2023 guidelines expand APIs to cover credit, investment, and insurance data, enabling embedded finance—loans at retail checkouts or savings tools linked to salary accounts. This makes banking invisible yet ever-present, blending into daily life. 

The future is exciting. Banks are adopting API-first design, prioritizing APIs as core interfaces for faster innovation. AI-driven APIs are emerging, enabling fraud detection or tailored loan offers. Blockchain-based APIs promise secure cross-border payments. Event-driven architectures, using tools like Kafka, process real-time events like transaction alerts, boosting efficiency. 

At Coronation Merchant Bank, our APIs are business enablers. Our custom solutions, like the Dangote integration, solve real-world problems, while our investment banking desk advises on capital raising and partnerships, helping clients stay competitive. APIs lower barriers, drive growth, and deliver seamless experiences for customers. 

Nigeria’s financial future isn’t about who holds the most assets—it’s about who builds the strongest connections between data, money, and people. API architecture is the invisible engine powering that future, creating a connected, inclusive banking ecosystem.

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Economy

NMDPRA Grants Six Petrol Import Permits to Stabilise Market

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NMDPRA fee regulations

By Adedapo Adesanya

The Nigerian Midstream and Downstream Petroleum Regulatory Authority (NMDPRA) has granted import permits for Premium Motor Spirit (PMS) or petrol to six depot owners and petroleum marketers.

This step comes as the federal government moved to ensure stability and balance in the country’s downstream fuel sector after it was widely reported that the country suspended the issuance of petrol import licenses for a second straight month

The regulator recently issued these permits to six importers, with each authorised to import approximately 30,000 metric tonnes of the fuel into the country to help cushion against the effects of escalating conflict in the Middle East.

This development also occurs against the backdrop of ongoing discussions about supply concentration, with recent data showing that the Dangote Petroleum Refinery supplied roughly 92 per cent of Nigeria’s petrol in February.

At present, the Dangote refinery is the sole facility in Nigeria producing petrol, while most modular refineries primarily focus on diesel output.

The Crude Oil Refineries Association of ​Nigeria (CORAN) also confirmed that none have been issued so far in March, signalling ​a shift towards prioritising local output. However, this has since changed, spurred by the latest development.

Industry statistics show that local refining provided an average of about 36.5 million litres per day that month, with imports adding roughly 3 million litres daily, resulting in a total supply of around 39.5 million litres per day.

According to reports, until recently, no petrol import permits had been issued under the current NMDPRA leadership, suggesting that the new approvals signal a deliberate policy shift to preserve supply diversity and adaptability as the domestic market continues to develop.

Nigeria’s average daily petrol consumption fell to 56.9 million litres per day ​in February 2026, ​down from 60.2 ⁠million litres in January.

In February, the Dangote Refinery supplied 36.5 million litres of petrol and 8 million litres of ​diesel to the local market, leaving a daily deficit of 20 million litres that was covered by previously imported stock.

According to NMDPRA, these volumes ​were sufficient, ⁠leading to its earlier decision to withhold import licenses.

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Economy

State Visit: CPPE, LCCI Urge Tinubu to Pursue Trade Expansion with UK

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Tinubu's Portrait

By Adedapo Adesanya

The Centre for the Promotion of Private Enterprise (CPPE) and the Lagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry (LCCI) have called for trade expansion ahead of President Bola Tinubu’s state visit to the United Kingdom.

In separate communications, the organisations urged President Tinubu to deepen economic ties as he visits the UK on the invitation of the King of England, King Charles III. His state visit to the UK next week will mark Nigeria’s first such visit to the UK in 37 years, when Military President Ibrahim Babangida was head of state.

The chief executive of CPPE, Mr Muda Yusuf, said the planned visit by Mr Tinubu to the UK is significant on multiple fronts.

“At a time of shifting global alliances and economic realignments, the visit presents both opportunity and responsibility.

“It is expected that leading Nigerian business figures will accompany the President, creating a platform for expanding trade flows, deepening investment partnerships, promoting Nigeria as a destination for capital, and strengthening financial-sector linkages.

“The UK remains a major source of portfolio flows, development finance, and private-sector investment into Nigeria. Structured engagements during the visit could unlock opportunities in infrastructure, energy, financial services, technology, manufacturing, and agribusiness,” Mr Yusuf stated.

On her part, the Director General of the LCCI, Mrs Chinyere Almona, noted that the visit represents a historic opportunity to recalibrate Nigeria–UK relations from traditional diplomacy to focused economic diplomacy.

“At a time when Nigeria is implementing bold macroeconomic reforms, this visit should be leveraged to secure concrete commitments on trade expansion, long-term investment, and cooperation on the business environment.

“From the perspective of the Lagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the overriding objective should be to translate goodwill into measurable economic outcomes that strengthen Nigeria’s productive base and export capacity,” she said.

According to her, recent data underscore the strategic importance of the UK to Nigeria’s economy, noting that in Q3 2025, Nigeria recorded capital importation of approximately US$6.01 billion, representing a significant year-on-year surge.

“Notably, the United Kingdom emerged as Nigeria’s largest source of capital inflows, accounting for about US$2.94 billion, or nearly half of total inflows during the quarter. These inflows were driven predominantly by portfolio investment, particularly into the financial and banking sectors, reflecting renewed foreign investor confidence following Nigeria’s macroeconomic adjustments.

“On the trade front, total trade in goods and services between Nigeria and the UK stood at approximately £8 billion in the 12 months to mid-2025,” she said.

She said, however, that the relationship remains structurally imbalanced, with UK exports to Nigeria significantly exceeding Nigeria’s exports to the UK.

“Ultimately, the economic agenda of this state visit should be guided by Nigeria’s most pressing challenges: export diversification, inflation-induced cost pressures, infrastructure deficits, and the need for stable long-term capital,” Mrs Almona said in an interview with Nairametrics.

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Economy

Preference for Foreign Currencies in Domestic Transactions Threat to Financial System—EFCC

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foreign currencies domestic transactions

By Dipo Olowookere

The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) has frowned on the use of foreign currencies for financial transactions in Nigeria, saying this could disrupt the nation’s stability.

The acting Zonal Director of the agency in Ilorin, Mrs Victoria Ugo-Ali, informed the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) that the EFCC chairman, Mr Ola Olukoyede, is determined to curb the increasing preference for foreign currencies in domestic transactions, describing the practice “as a serious threat to the stability of the nation’s financial system.”

Speaking during a courtesy visit to the Branch Controller of the Ilorin Branch of the central bank, Mr Monga Muhammed, on Tuesday, Mrs Ugo-Ali noted that “many economic and financial crimes are perpetrated through financial institutions,” stressing the importance of timely intelligence and reports on suspicious transactions.

She called on the apex bank to continue providing the commission with relevant financial intelligence that would aid investigations and help curb money laundering and other financial crimes.

She also reiterated that the growing preference for foreign currencies in local transactions undermines the value of the naira and weakens public confidence in the national currency.

In his response, Mr Muhammed commended the Zonal Director and the management team of the EFCC for the visit, promising to sustain and deepen the already cordial relationship between the two organisations.

He described the engagement as the first of its kind and expressed optimism that it would further strengthen the cooperation between both institutions.

“At our end here, we will continue to partner with you because we carry out complementary functions. While your duty is to tackle economic and financial crimes, our responsibility, primarily as the apex bank, is to stabilise the economy and regulate financial institutions. We will not fail in that regard,” he said.

The CBN Branch Controller further disclosed that the apex bank had put several measures in place to address naira abuse and the dollarisation of the economy.

According to him, the CBN has the capacity to track currency in circulation and would not hesitate to apply appropriate sanctions against individuals or organisations found trading illegally in the nation’s currency.

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