Economy
How to Avoid Rookie Mistakes When Looking for Investment
By Philani Mzila
In the startup universe, one of the most valuable (if not the most valuable) finite resources you have at your disposal as a founder is equity. This is because startups generally don’t have the capital to scale in the market or products developed significantly enough to leverage to fund ongoing enterprise growth.
This makes your startup’s capitalisation table (cap table) an integral representation of how your venture is funded from an equity perspective (including convertible notes, warrants, and equity ownership grants). The cap table represents how much of a claim each party has on the value created by the business and what they paid for their ownership stake. Managing the cap table well is, therefore, a strategic imperative for any startup founder. As a startup scales, the evolution of its cap table has serious implications on how easily the venture can attract and raise new investments.
Cap tables and investor risk tolerance
At the beginning of a startup’s journey, the founding team owns 100% of the company. Depending on the resources they have available, founders tend to self-fund the venture as much as possible (called bootstrapping) up to and including the pre-seed stage in order to protect their equity value. At some point, however, the resources they have can only take them so far, and they need to raise external capital.
At the pre-seed stage, a startup hasn’t necessarily found product-market fit, and its revenue is often not the best measure of its potential because founders are honing their minimum viable product. At best, the venture has signals of product market fit, i.e. user growth, engagement and active usage and retention. The lack of product-market fit and bankable recurring revenue is typically a deterrent for investment by later-stage investors due to their inherently lower risk tolerance.
This is where angel investors and early-stage venture capital (VC) firms step in. Angel investors are high-net-worth individuals who are highly risk-tolerant and have the financial means to invest in startups and their potential future returns at the right price. That “right price” is usually an ownership stake in the business, ranging anywhere between 5 and 15%, with that percentage being a symbol of the risk angel investors accept in return for their capital and operational expertise. Early-stage VC firms, on their end, typically provide additional institutional capital, operational and governance support as well as credibility to ventures.
Angels and other types of early-stage investors, like Founders Factory Africa, play a vital role in the VC ecosystem. Without the high-risk tolerance these investors bring to the table, most early-stage startups would not break out of the pre-seed stage due to a lack of funding.
The role of a term sheet at the point of investment
Given the importance of a startup’s cap table in its future trajectory, it’s worth highlighting the vital role a VC term sheet performs at the point of investment. A VC term sheet is a document that outlines the terms and conditions of a VC investment. It includes details on the amount of money to be invested, the equity being granted to investors, the timing of investor liquidity, and investors’ rights in the venture.
Some of the key terms founders and investors must be familiar with when reviewing this document include:
Valuation – The value of the company which is being used as the basis for the investment.
Pre- and post-money valuation – The pre-money valuation is the value of the company prior to the investment, with post-money valuation is the value of the company after the investment.
Voting rights – A representation of how much say investors have in the future strategic direction of the business.
Liquidation preference – This is a clause that determines the order in which investors and founders are paid back in case of liquidation or bankruptcy. Be aware: liquidation preference typically relates to any liquidity event, not just a liquidation.
Anti-dilution-provisions – These clauses can help protect investors from dilution because of a future financing round of financing. They can have the effect of decreasing a founder’s shareholder value.
An alignment of interest with the future in mind
As both an investor and a venture builder that helps startups improve their product and find product-market fit, at Founders Factory Africa, we often advise founders to be extremely careful when exchanging equity for capital. When an investor decides to invest in a startup, they are looking for an alignment of interests where the founders can make a meaningful return for starting and scaling the venture, thereby providing a higher chance of a successful exit for the investor.
Some of the errors we typically see include founders raising their initial funding at too high a valuation. This creates unrealistic expectations for future funding rounds. At times, founders ask for too much capital without deep thought into what metrics and milestones they would like to achieve with the capital, leading them to give up too much equity very early on without considering the need for future funding rounds. These scenarios, in turn, stunt the venture’s ability to raise funding and scale due to the lack of alignment of financial interests with investors.
As a startup matures and goes through its different funding rounds, the equity allocated to founders is diluted as larger sums of investment are raised at Series A, B, or C. If the cap table is not thoughtfully constructed, the startup may find it increasingly difficult to raise capital as questions around incentives for later-stage investors increase.
The startup ecosystem is binary. Either a business grows and succeeds, or it fails. There is no in-between. The value that a startup places on its equity, and the partners they choose on its journey and collectively creates is the golden thread that runs through every startup’s success or failure. A thoughtful cap ensures that a startup can become successful. A badly designed cap table can do the exact opposite.
Philani Mzila is an Investment Manager at Founders Factory Africa
By Adedapo Adesanya
The NASD Over-the-Counter (OTC) Securities Exchange further lost 0.28 per cent on Wednesday, March 11, cutting down the market capitalisation by N7.21 billion to N2.533 trillion from the preceding session’s N2.540 trillion.
In the same vein, the NASD Unlisted Security Index (NSI) was down during the session by 12.06 points to finish at 4,233.91 points compared with the 4,245.97 points it ended on Tuesday.
The midweek session experienced a decline in the volume of securities by 91.3 per cent to 1.3 million units from 14.9 million units, as the value of securities decreased by 75.9 per cent to N31.9 million from the N132.7 million recorded on Tuesday, and the number of deals fell 37.9 per cent to 36 deals from the preceding session’s 58 deals.
The session ended with Central Securities Clearing System (CSCS) Plc as the most traded stock by value on a year-to-date basis with 38.1 million units valued at N2.4 billion. Okitipupa Plc followed with 6.3 million units traded at N1.1 billion, and FrieslandCampina Wamco Nigeria Plc recorded the sale of 5.8 million units worth N529.9 million.
Resourcery Plc remained as the most traded stock by volume on a year-to-date basis with 1.05 billion units sold for N408.7 million, trailed by Geo-Fluids Plc with 130.6 million units exchanged for N503.8 million, and CSCS Plc with 38.1 million units worth N2.4 billion.
The alternative stock market closed the day with three price decliners and three price gainers led by IPWA Plc, which added 41 Kobo to sell at N4.56 per unit versus the previous day’s N4.15 per unit, MRS Oil Plc appreciated by 10 Kobo to N210.10 per share from N210.00 per share, and Lighthouse Financial Services Plc increased its value by 5 Kobo to 55 Kobo per unit from 50 Kobo per unit.
Conversely, FrieslandCampina Wamco Nigeria Plc lost N3.92 to quote at N132.78 per share versus N136.70 per share, UBN Property Plc dropped 20 Kobo to settle at N2.38 per unit from N2.18 per unit, and First Trust Mortgage Bank Plc declined by 1 Kobo to N1.90 per share from N1.91 per share.
By Adedapo Adesanya
For the first time in a while, the value of the Nigerian Naira improved against its United States counterpart, the Dollar, in the Nigerian Autonomous Foreign Exchange Market (NAFEX) on Wednesday, March 11.
At the midweek session, it gained N25.21 or 1.8 per cent on the greenback in the official market to trade at N1,376.19/$1 compared with the previous day’s value of N1,401.40/$1.
It was also a positive outcome for the Naira in the spot market, as it appreciated against the Pound Sterling yesterday by N40.26 to close at N1,845.47/£1 versus Tuesday’s value of N1,885.73/£1, but closed flat against the Euro at N1,631.51/€1.
At the GTBank FX desk, the Nigerian currency appreciated against the Dollar yesterday by N9 to settle at N1,407/$1, in contrast to the N1,416/$1 it was exchanged a day earlier, and in the black market, it maintained stability at N1,420/$1.
The FX market pressure eased from a two-month low, as foreign reserves topped the $50 billion mark for the first time since January 2009, buoyed by a positive oil price threshold and forex inflows that could strengthen the current account balance and improve FX liquidity.
Inflows into the FX market have strengthened in recent weeks, but likewise, the US Dollar has strengthened in the international market due to the recent crisis facing the global markets involving the United States, Israel, and Iran.
As for the digital currency market, it was mixed on Wednesday amid renewed Middle East tensions, as on-chain data show persistent selling pressure and weak demand as investors grapple with conflict-driven stagflation fears and fading prospects for near-term Federal Reserve rate cuts ahead of next week’s meeting.
Solana (SOL) slumped 0.9 per cent to $85.11, Ripple (XRP) declined by 0.6 per cent to $1.38, Bitcoin (BTC) dropped 0.4 per cent to sell for $69,433.43, and Cardano (ADA) depreciated 0.2 per cent to $0.2591.
But TRON (TRX) added 1.0 per cent to sell at $0.2900, Binance Coin (BNB) gained 0.8 per cent to close at $644.54, Ethereum (ETH) appreciated by 0.5 per cent to $2,027.98, and Dogecoin (DOGE) grew by 0.2 per cent to $0.0919, while the US Dollar Tether (USDT) and the US Dollar Coin (USDC) remained unchanged at $1.00 each.
By Adedapo Adesanya
Oil prices appreciated by nearly 5 per cent on Wednesday as fresh attacks on ships in the Strait of Hormuz worsened supply disruption fears.
Brent futures gained $4.18 or 4.8 per cent to settle at $91.98 a barrel, while the US West Texas Intermediate (WTI) futures increased by $3.80 or 4.6 per cent to $87.25 a barrel.
Three more vessels have been hit by projectiles in the Strait of Hormuz, maritime security and risk firms said on Wednesday. That brought the number of ships struck in the region to at least 14 since the Iran war began.
Iran warned that no oil shipments will be allowed to pass through the Strait of Hormuz until the attacks stop, placing the world’s most critical oil trade point at the centre of the escalating conflict. The narrow waterway between Iran and Oman normally handles roughly 20 per cent of global oil supply and a large share of liquified natural gas (LNG) trade, making any sustained disruption a major threat to global energy markets.
Tanker movements through the region have already begun slowing as insurers and ship operators reassess the risks of transiting the corridor.
The country, which is one of the largest producers in the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, on Wednesday said that crude could surge to $200 per barrel if the war involving the US and Israel continues to destabilise the Middle East’s energy corridors.
Crude briefly surged to around three digits earlier this week before retreating toward the $90 range after US President Donald Trump suggested the conflict might end soon. However, renewed attacks on shipping and infrastructure have quickly revived fears of supply disruptions.
Meanwhile, the International Energy Agency (IEA) recommended the release of 400 million barrels of oil, the largest such move in its history, to try to rein in energy prices, which are now up more than 25 per cent since the war began. The energy watchdog said the time frame for the release will be decided in due course.
The proposed volume is more than double the 182 million barrels released in 2022 following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Analysts, however, said it was ultimately insufficient to resolve supply losses from a prolonged war in the Middle East.
Member countries collectively hold roughly 1.2 billion barrels of strategic reserves, which can be tapped during supply emergencies.
Crude oil inventories in the US increased by 3.8 million barrels during the week ending March 6, according to data from the US Energy Information Administration (EIA). The EIA’s data release follows figures from the American Petroleum Institute (API) that were released a day earlier, which reported that crude oil inventories fell by 1.7 million barrels in the period.
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