Economy
Nigeria Lost $1.4bn to FX Ban on 43 Items in Four Years—Cardoso
By Adedapo Adesanya
The Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Mr Olayemi Cardoso, has admitted that the country recorded a revenue drop of $1.4 billion between 2015 and 2019 after imposing foreign exchange (FX) restrictions for import of 43 items over eight years.
The apex bank governor made this known on Friday while delivering his keynote address at the 58th Annual Dinner of the Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria (CIBN) in Lagos.
The apex bank head, during the preparation of his monetary policy thrust, cited available data saying, “Studies have shown that during the period when the 43 items were restricted, there was a 51.0 per cent increase in trade evasion by importers accessing the foreign exchange market, resulting in a revenue drop of approximately $1.4 billion or $275 million annually, between 2015 and 2019.”
One of his early moves after his appointment was the restoration of the 43 items prohibited from access to the foreign exchange (FX) window in 2015, under the administration of his predecessor, Mr Godwin Emefiele following the directive of former President Muhammadu Buhari.
The decision came about eight years after the bank on 23 June 2015 restricted those who deal in the items from accessing forex at the authorised FX window.
Speaking on the 43 items on Friday, Mr Cardoso emphasised that the items were never banned by the government but that the CBN only imposed restrictions on access to foreign exchange in the official market.
He said the aim of the policy at the time was to reduce pressure on the demand for dollars for importation and to encourage local production of these items.
Some of the affected items included rice, cement, margarine, palm kernel, palm oil products, vegetable oils, meat and processed meat products, vegetables and processed vegetable products, poultry, tomatoes/tomato paste, soap and cosmetics, and clothes.
Other items included private aeroplanes/jets, Indian incense, tinned fish in sauce, cold rolled steel sheets, galvanised steel sheets, roofing sheets, wheelbarrows, head pans, metal boxes/containers, enamelware, steel drums and pipes, wire mesh, steel nails, wood particle boards, and panels.
Also affected were security and razor wire, wood particle and fibre boards and panels, wooden doors, furniture, toothpicks, glass/glassware, kitchen utensils, tableware, tiles (vitrified, ceramics), textiles, wooden fabrics, plastic/rubber products, polypropylene granules, and cellophane wrappers.
Subsequently, amidst efforts to achieve its backward integration policy on key items, the CBN added fertiliser and maize to the list of items.
The policy drove importers to source forex in the parallel market for transactions, resulting in additional pressure and demand for FX at the unauthorised window.
Within the period, prices of the food commodities among the restricted items, which are major staple foods among Nigerians, skyrocketed by over 100 per cent.
The upward trend in the prices of commodities has had a negative impact on the purchasing power of many citizens.
However, he said the move resulted in increased demand for foreign exchange in the parallel market, leading to the depreciation of the exchange rate in that segment of the Nigerian Autonomous Foreign Exchange Market (NAFEM) and widening the premium between the parallel and official market.
As a result of this, the CBN governor said revenue from tariffs on goods decreased from a high of approximately $920 million in 2011 to about $250 million in 2017.
“In 2019, the actual tariff on goods stood at $320 million, but counterfactual evidence suggests that as much as $680 million could have been earned in the same year,” he said.
Mr Cardoso said evidence has shown that foreign exchange restrictions had an adverse impact on Nigerian households and contributed to inflationary pressures.
He noted that the reduction in trade restrictions and levies on rice, sugar, and wheat by 50.0 per cent had only a minimal impact on welfare, with a 0.8 per cent improvement, and a mere 0.4 per cent reduction in extreme poverty.
The CBN boss said the benefits of trade gains for the general population were negligible, as the average industry in Nigeria pays 13.7 per cent more for its inputs.
“Lastly, it is important to note that trade policy is primarily the responsibility of the fiscal authorities, and delving into such matters falls outside the purview of the CBN,” he said.
By Adedapo Adesanya
The president of the Dangote Group, Mr Aliko Dangote, met with President Bola Tinubu on Monday to discuss and address concerns about the growing volatility in the global oil market and its impact on Nigerians.
Petrol prices have jumped to as high as N1,400 per litre amid the continuous rise in prices of crude oil in the global market as a result of the Middle East war. Brent crude rose above $100 per barrel due to compounding supply constraints, though it closed below the mark yesterday.
Mr Dangote, whose company controlled about 60 per cent of Nigeria’s domestic supply pre-war, speaking after the meeting, said that although Nigeria is not directly involved in the war, the ripple effects of global oil price fluctuations would inevitably be felt.
“It means quite a lot. We don’t have much to do with it, but I know the world is a global village. And it definitely will affect us, unfortunately, but we pray this situation will be sorted out,” he said after his visit to President Tinubu in Lagos yesterday.
He warned that a prolonged crisis could further destabilise economies, particularly in Africa, where fiscal buffers are limited, and debt pressures remain high.
“If it doesn’t de-escalate, we’ll end up paying high prices, like what I said earlier on CNN. Africa is very busy paying debt, and putting this again on top of us is going to add a lot of hardship on people, on the government, on the people, on everybody, for something that we have no involvement in.”
He stressed that energy costs are central to nearly all sectors of the economy, meaning sustained increases would have widespread and cascading effects on livelihoods and production.
He explained that governments could face mounting fiscal strain as subsidies rise and revenues fluctuate under unstable global oil market conditions.
Mr Dangote added that Africa’s rising debt burden could worsen under prolonged instability, further limiting fiscal space and weakening economic resilience.
“Africa is already grappling with debt, and additional shocks will only compound hardship for governments and the people,” he said.
He said escalating energy costs would disrupt nearly every sector, including small enterprises, manufacturing chains, logistics operations and household consumption patterns.
The business mogul noted that some countries were already adopting coping strategies such as reduced workdays, energy rationing and remote working arrangements.
Mr Dangote said such measures, while necessary, could reduce productivity, slow economic output and affect livelihoods, particularly among vulnerable populations.
He urged global leaders to prioritise de-escalation, stressing that many Africans rely on daily earnings and remain highly exposed to economic shocks.
By Aduragbemi Omiyale
A Community Development Service (CDS) group focused on investment education for corps members is to be established by the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) in partnership with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
Both organisations recently sealed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for this new initiative, which will promote sound investment habits among Nigerian youths, equip corps members with essential financial knowledge and help them avoid fraudulent schemes.
Under the agreement, the NYSC and SEC will work together on joint awareness campaigns, utilising various channels and platforms, including social media, traditional media, and community outreach, to disseminate information on safe investment and expose fraudulent schemes.
They will also agree on mechanisms for sharing relevant data and reporting on the progress and impact of the collaborative initiatives.
Specifically, the capital market regulator will develop and provide relevant and up-to-date educational content, materials, and training modules on capital market operations, safe investment practices, and the identification and avoidance of Ponzi schemes.
The agency will also be responsible for the content, resources and funding of training sessions for selected corps members and NYSC supervisors who will serve as trainers and facilitators in their respective communities.
On its part, the NYSC will facilitate the integration of anti-Ponzi scheme education into its Education and Enlightenment CDS programme, which could be through dedicated sessions, workshops, or awareness campaigns during orientation camps and throughout the service year.
The Director General of SEC, Mr Emomotimi Agama, expressed satisfaction with the collaboration, saying it will promote financial literacy and sound investment habits among young Nigerians.
His counterpart at the NYSC, Brig-Gen Olakunle Nafiu, lauded the initiative, stressing that it will help in enhancing public awareness campaigns against illegal financial schemes across all Local Government Areas in the country, among other objectives.
By Adedapo Adesanya
The NASD Over-the-Counter (OTC) Securities Exchange opened the week on a positive note after it appreciated by 0.84 per cent on Monday, March 23.
Trading activity returned yesterday after a two-day break last Thursday and Friday to celebrate the end of Ramadan.
The market capitalisation was up by N20.68 billion to N2.482 trillion from N2.461 trillion, and the NASD Unlisted Security Index (NSI) increased by 34.68 points to 4,149.38 points from 4,114.75 points.
The bourse was bullish amid a 1.34 per cent decline in the share price of Geo-Fluids Plc at the close of transactions. The loss was offset by the 3.45 per cent surge in the value of FrieslandCampina Wamco Plc.
A look at the trading data indicated that the activity was weaker yesterday, as the trading volume, value, and number of deals all tumbled.
There was a 99.9 per cent slip in the volume of securities to 412,260 units from the 400.8 million units recorded in the preceding session. The value of securities fell by 99.4 per cent to N7.37 million from N1.2 billion, and the number of deals went down by 31.9 per cent to 32 deals from 47 deals.
Central Securities Clearing System (CSCS) Plc ended the day as the most traded stock by value on a year-to-date basis with 38.7 million units sold for N2.4 billion. Infrastructure Guarantee Credit Plc followed with 400 million units valued at N1.2 billion, and Okitipupa Plc occupied the third spot with 6.4 million units traded for N1.2 billion.
Resourcery Plc closed the trading session as the most active by volume on a year-to-date basis with 1.1 billion units worth N415.7 million, trailed by Infrastructure Credit Plc with 400 million units transacted for N1.2 billion, and Geo-Fluids Plc with 131.1 million units exchanged for N505.6 million.
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