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Nigeria’s Borrowing Spree, Any Cause for Worry?

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By Afrinvest

A new report by Afrinvest has taken a look into the recent borrowings by the Federal Government through the sale of bonds.

Afrinvest, in its weekly update, noted that much has been said on Nigeria’s aggressive borrowing spree from domestic and international capital markets since 2016, and deservedly so.

Since the start of a prolonged global oil price drop in H2:2014, the Nigerian economy has recorded a significant downturn in performance as plummeting government revenues and the resultant FX crisis dragged the economy into its first recession in 25 years.

As a result, an expansionary budget of N6.1tn was adopted in the 2016 fiscal year to boost growth and fund more capital projects, with a deficit of N1.8tn estimated for the period. No thanks to the resumption of oil militancy in February 2016 and substantial underperformance of non-oil revenue relative to projections, actual FGN retained revenue was 18.0% short of target, thus deficit widened further. In order to plug this deficit, the Federal Government embarked on an aggressive borrowing spree and this has been sustained into 2017.

To this end, the Debt Management Office (DMO) decided to alter the public debt mix by leveraging on relatively underexplored foreign currency borrowing capacity.

Multilateral loans were sought from the AFDB (US$646.6m) in addition to bi-lateral loans from the China EXIM Bank, France AFD and Japan JICA.

Following improvements in domestic investment landscape at the turn of the year, Nigeria returned to the International capital market after a 3-year hiatus, successfully raising US$1.5bn via Eurobonds and US$300.0m in diaspora bond.

On the domestic front, the DMO has continued with its monthly bond auctions and took it a step further by introducing atypical bonds such as the Savings Bond and a N100.0bn Sukuk offering closing today.

The 2017 budget is projecting another record expenditure year, with fiscal deficit estimated at N2.4tn – domestic borrowing accounting for 53.0% (N1.3tn) of the total while foreign borrowing was projected at N1.1tn.

Whilst the deficit funded expansionary fiscal policy pursued in 2016 had a positive impact of growth – as seen in GDP by expenditure numbers in 9M:2016 – it has come at a cost as public debt profile has remained on the uptrend over the years.

According to the DMO, FGN total debt stood at N10.9tn as of year-end 2015 but has risen an astonishing 48.1% in 15 months to N16.2tn in Q1:2017.

The rising debt profile is not surprising given the widening budget deficit and large depreciation of the Naira; however, the cost of servicing the mounting obligations took up more than 60.0% of revenue in H1:2016 and has become a major source of concern on debt sustainability.

The major argument for increased deficit spending is that the economy is underleveraged with a debt to GDP ratio of 20.0%, but also hard to ignore is the offsetting low non-oil revenue to GDP ratio. Nigeria’s Tax/GDP ratio is 6.0%, which is relatively low when compared to SSA peers – South Africa (26.2%) and Kenya (15.4%).

The nation’s tax collection and administration system is still deemed inefficient with multiple tax system and a high tax evasion & avoidance rate.

Despite the recent drive to increase tax revenue, not much has changed in terms of actual results. In fact, federally collected Non-oil revenue fell 4.4% in FY:2016 to N3.0tn. To their credit, fiscal authorities have doubled down on tax reforms including the recently launched Voluntary Asset and Income Declaration Scheme (VAIDS) which grants taxpayers a time-limited opportunity to regularise their tax status without penalty.

However, with the economy challenged, the odds of significantly boosting Tax revenue in the near term is slim and we expect budget deficits to remain high for the next 2-3 years. What does this imply for medium term debt sustainability? Our opinion on this is a bit nuanced. The structure of Nigeria’s public debt is heavily tilted towards the domestic market (up to 77.9% of aggregate debt) and this easier to deal with in the event of a credit crisis.

Foreign debt obligations are also mostly multilateral and bilateral in nature (78.0% of total foreign debts) which are typically long tenured and granted at concessionary rate.

Thus, we do not expect a debt crisis in the near term but policymakers will need to further diversify revenue base or start deleveraging to avert one in the medium term.

Source: Afrinvest

Modupe Gbadeyanka is a fast-rising journalist with Business Post Nigeria. Her passion for journalism is amazing. She is willing to learn more with a view to becoming one of the best pen-pushers in Nigeria. Her role models are the duo of CNN's Richard Quest and Christiane Amanpour.

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Economy

Champion Breweries Posts N14.36bn Revenue in Q1 2026 After Group Structure Transition

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Champion Breweries

By Aduragbemi Omiyale

Champion Breweries Plc has released its first consolidated financial results as an expanded organisation following its recent strategic expansion.

The company transitioned to a group structure after the acquisition of an 80 per cent equity interest in enJOYbev BV, whose performance is now consolidated into the group accounts for the first time.

In the results for the first quarter of 2026 released to the Nigerian Exchange (NGX) Limited, Champion Breweries posted a revenue of N14.36 billion, representing a strong increase compared to the prior year, driven by the consolidation of its newly acquired subsidiary.

Operating performance remained resilient, with operating profit rising to approximately N3.02 billion at the group level, reflecting continued discipline in cost management and operational efficiency.

Despite a softer consumer environment and lower volumes in the core domestic market, the company maintained a solid gross profit margin of 48 per cent, supported by improved cost efficiencies and disciplined commercial execution, underscoring the strength of its underlying business fundamentals.

This strategic expansion has already begun to contribute positively to earnings, with the subsidiary delivering operating profitability within the reporting period. While the company recorded a net loss at the standalone level, primarily driven by financing costs associated with its recent strategic investments, group-level profitability remained positive, with profit after tax of approximately N881 million, reflecting the early benefits of diversification and the strengthening of the brewer’s earnings base through its expanded portfolio.

Importantly, the firm continues to generate finance income from invested funds, reflecting prudent treasury management and supporting overall liquidity. This provides additional stability as the group advances its strategic initiatives.

Looking ahead, Champion Breweries says it remains confident in its outlook, noting that with the group structure now in place, improved earnings contributions from its expanded operations, and a clear focus on market execution, it expects a progressively stronger performance trajectory in the coming quarters.

Management reiterated its commitment to delivering sustainable value to shareholders, strengthening market positioning, and navigating prevailing economic conditions with discipline and resilience.

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Economy

CBN at 27.5% is Forcing a Major Reset in Forex Trading Strategies Across Nigeria

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HFM forex trading app

Nigeria’s trading environment has changed sharply since the Central Bank of Nigeria pushed rates to 27.5%, and the impact is being felt across the currency market. A rate that high does more than tighten financial conditions. It changes how traders read momentum, how they manage risk, and how they think about the naira against the dollar. Reuters reported that the CBN raised the policy rate to 27.50% in November 2024 after a string of hikes, and later kept it there as inflation and exchange rate pressures remained central concerns.

For anyone active in Nigeria’s currency space, forex trading now requires a very different mindset. What worked in a looser money environment does not always work when rates stay this high. Liquidity behaves differently, sentiment shifts faster, and market participants become much more sensitive to inflation data, policy guidance, and reserve trends. Reuters also reported that the CBN has tied its tight stance to the need to control inflation and stabilize the market, while reforms have improved reserves and confidence in the foreign exchange system.

Why a 27.5% rate changes the market mood

A rate this high affects more than borrowing costs. It resets expectations. Traders start looking at the naira through a different lens because such an aggressive stance tells the market that policymakers are serious about defending stability, even if growth conditions become tougher. In Lagos and Abuja, where many traders track both official policy signals and real market pricing, that shift has become impossible to ignore.

Higher rates reshape risk appetite

When rates rise to this level, speculative behavior often becomes more cautious. Some traders reduce position sizes. Others stop chasing moves and wait for stronger confirmation before entering. Why does that happen? Because a tight policy environment tends to punish weak conviction and reward discipline.

There is also a psychological effect. A market with a 27.5% policy rate feels heavier. It is like driving on a road where every turn demands more care than before. That change in mood forces traders to become more selective, especially in a country like Nigeria where inflation and currency sentiment still move together closely. Reuters said inflation eased after a statistical rebase, but the central bank still held rates high because broader pressure had not disappeared.

The naira story is no longer just about panic

Nigeria’s currency narrative has also become more layered. Earlier fears were largely about shortages and disorder, but now traders are also watching reforms, reserves, and policy credibility. Reuters reported that net foreign exchange reserves rose strongly in 2025 and that the CBN said clearer rules and reforms had reduced distortions and volatility.

That matters because strategy changes when the market starts trusting policy a little more. Traders can no longer rely only on the old playbook of assuming one direction and staying there.

How trading strategies are being reset

The biggest reset is in time horizon. In a market shaped by tight policy, many traders become less comfortable with broad, lazy positioning. They look for cleaner setups and faster reactions instead. A currency market under heavy policy influence often rewards timing more than stubborn conviction.

Shorter setups are becoming more practical

Many Nigeria focused traders now pay closer attention to event driven opportunities. Central bank comments, inflation releases, reserve updates, and reform announcements matter more than they used to. Reuters reported in March 2026 that the CBN eased some foreign exchange rules for oil companies to improve market liquidity and confidence, another sign that policy decisions are still actively shaping the currency landscape.

That makes short and medium term strategy more relevant. You might see a naira move that looks technical on the surface, but underneath it is often responding to policy changes, liquidity shifts, or fresh confidence in reserves. In Nigeria, the chart and the macro story now feel more connected than before.

Risk management matters more than prediction

This is where serious traders separate themselves from hopeful ones. A high rate environment does not just reward the right view. It rewards survival. Traders in Port Harcourt or Lagos who stay too attached to a single bias can get caught when policy or liquidity changes suddenly alter the mood.

I have seen markets like this before. They look calm until they do not. Then the move comes fast. That is why many traders are adjusting stop placement, reducing leverage, and focusing more on capital protection than on chasing every opportunity.

The reset, in other words, is not only strategic. It is behavioral.

Why Nigeria’s market may keep evolving

The CBN’s policy stance has already pushed traders to adapt, but the story is still developing. Reuters reported in April 2025 that the central bank sold nearly $200 million to support the naira after tariff related market shocks, showing that officials remain willing to act when volatility becomes disruptive. Reuters also reported this month that the naira had been relatively stable, supported by dollar liquidity from bond investments and exporter repatriations.

Stability can create a different kind of opportunity

A more orderly market does not mean fewer opportunities. It means different ones. Instead of trading pure panic, participants may increasingly trade around policy credibility, flow trends, and relative stability. For Nigeria, that could mark an important shift.

That is why the 27.5% rate matters so much. It has forced traders to stop relying on old assumptions and start working with a market that is slowly becoming more policy driven, more selective, and in some ways more professional.

Conclusion

The CBN’s 27.5% policy rate is forcing a major reset because it changes how traders approach risk, timing, and market structure in Nigeria. High rates, stronger reserves, and ongoing reforms have made the naira story more complex than it was before, and that means strategy has to evolve as well.

For traders in Nigeria, the message is clear. This is no longer a market where old habits are enough. Tight policy has raised the standard, and the traders who adjust their methods are more likely to stay effective as the next phase of the currency story unfolds.

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Economy

NASD Exchange Falls 0.22% After Investors Lose N4.8bn

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NASD securities exchange

By Adedapo Adesanya

The NASD Over-the-Counter (OTC) Securities Exchange weakened by 0.22 per cent on Tuesday, April 28, with the market capitalisation down by N4.8 billion to N2.420 trillion from N2.425 trillion, and the NASD Unlisted Security Index (NSI) down by 9.01 points to 4,044.96 points from 4,053.97 points.

During the session, the price of Central Securities Clearing System (CSCS) Plc went down by N1.82 to N767.05 per share from N78.87 per share, while FrieslandCampina Wamco Nigeria Plc appreciated by N1.90 to N100.00 per unit from N98.10 per unit.

According to data, the value of trades increased by 265.7 per cent to N27.1 million from N7.4 million units, and the volume of transactions surged by 305.2 per cent to 1.3 million units from 319,831 units, while the number of deals decreased by 6.9 per cent to 27 deals from 29 deals.

Great Nigeria Insurance (GNI) Plc remained the most traded stock by value on a year-to-date basis, with the sale of 3.4 billion units valued at N8.4 billion, followed by CSCS Plc with 59.8 million units exchanged for N4.0 billion, and Okitipupa Plc with 27.8 million units traded for N1.9 billion.

GNI Plc also finished as the most traded stock by volume on a year-to-date basis, with a turnover of 3.4 billion units worth N8.4 billion, trailed by Resourcery Plc with 1.1 billion units transacted for N415.7 million, and Infrastructure Guarantee Credit Plc with 400 million units sold for N1.2 billion.

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