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What is Capital Gains Taxation and How to Optimize it?

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Capital Gains Taxation

If you have ever traded any securities on the capital markets, chances are that you have paid capital gains taxes before, provided the country of your residence levies such taxes.

Capital gains taxes are levied on the profit generated by buying and selling a particular asset or financial security.

For example, if an investor buys 10 Apple stock for $200 per share and then sells the entire investment for $220 per share, the taxable profit is $200.

Taxes on FX gains are levied at different rates, depending on the length of the holding period of the investment. Long-term capital gains taxes are levied after at least 12 months of holding an asset, while anything less is treated as a short-term capital gain.

In order to better understand how capital gains taxes work and how to optimize your strategies against them, we can look at several examples below.

Example 1 – Long-term capital gains tax

Long-term capital gains taxes in the United States are levied at a rate of 0%, 15%, or 20%, based on income levels and filing status.

Typically, long-term capital gains taxes are levied on asset sales after at least 12 months from purchase. Therefore, if an investor sells an asset 2 years after purchase, the profit will be treated as a long-term capital gain and taxed accordingly.

In other countries, long-term capital gains may have a flat tax rate. For instance, France upholds a long-term capital gains tax of 30%, regardless of the type of instrument.

Example 2 – Short-term capital gains tax

If we look at an example of short-term capital gains taxation, we can see that short-term gains are much easier in terms of tax handling, particularly in the United States, where short-term capital gains are taxed at the ordinary federal and state income tax rates.

For example, if an investor buys $100,000 worth of shares and sells them at a 10% profit in 6 months, the $10,000 difference would be taxable at a rate of 22%, assuming the investor has no other sources of income.

In general, the federal taxes levied on short-term capital gains range from 10% to 37%, with an additional state tax based on place of residence.

Are capital gains taxes universal?

Similarly to any other type of tax levied by governments, capital gains taxes can differ considerably based on the jurisdiction where you reside.

For example, short-term capital gains taxes in the United States are charged at the ordinary income levels, which means that the taxes on short-term capital gains are levied at rates between 10% on the lower end and 37% on the higher end.

On the other hand, a number of countries do not charge capital gains taxes at all. Some such jurisdictions include: Switzerland, Singapore, the UAE, Monaco, Malaysia, Belgium, New Zealand, and more.

In most cases capital gains taxes are levied at income tax levels, while in some cases, they are entirely separate and taxed at a separate, but smaller, rate.

Optimizing your capital gains tax

A key difference between capital gains and other taxes is that capital gains taxes can be optimized, leading to a smaller tax burden overall.

There are several ways of optimizing your capital gains taxes, especially if you reside in the United States and have a SSN, as a number of tax-advantaged investment accounts are available to US residents and citizens, such as: The 401(k), Roth IRAs and Regular IRAs.

In the United Kingdom, you can choose an Individual Savings Account, or ISA. These accounts allow you to close your investments tax-deferred, meaning you do not have to pay capital gains taxes when using them.

Another strategy you can use is tax-loss harvesting, which is done by selling losing investments to offset taxable capital gains. If losses exceed gains, many jurisdictions allow to carry forward excess losses to future years. However, it is also worth noting that tax-loss harvesting can only be done up to $3,000 in the United States.

Conclusion

Capital gains taxes are levied on the profit generated by buying and selling financial securities and other assets.

The rates of capital gains tax differ considerably between jurisdictions and some countries do not levy capital gains taxes at all.

In general, there are two types of capital gains taxes – Short-term and longterm. In most cases, short-term capital gains are taxed as ordinary income, while long-term capital gains taxes are treated as a distinct subcategory of income tax.

For those seeking to optimize their capital gains taxation to avoid overpaying, they can use strategies, such as tax-loss harvesting up to a certain point, or invest and trade using a IRA or other tax-deferred investment/savings account.

Dipo Olowookere is a journalist based in Nigeria that has passion for reporting business news stories. At his leisure time, he watches football and supports 3SC of Ibadan. Mr Olowookere can be reached via [email protected]

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Economy

NMDPRA Grants Six Petrol Import Permits to Stabilise Market

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NMDPRA fee regulations

By Adedapo Adesanya

The Nigerian Midstream and Downstream Petroleum Regulatory Authority (NMDPRA) has granted import permits for Premium Motor Spirit (PMS) or petrol to six depot owners and petroleum marketers.

This step comes as the federal government moved to ensure stability and balance in the country’s downstream fuel sector after it was widely reported that the country suspended the issuance of petrol import licenses for a second straight month

The regulator recently issued these permits to six importers, with each authorised to import approximately 30,000 metric tonnes of the fuel into the country to help cushion against the effects of escalating conflict in the Middle East.

This development also occurs against the backdrop of ongoing discussions about supply concentration, with recent data showing that the Dangote Petroleum Refinery supplied roughly 92 per cent of Nigeria’s petrol in February.

At present, the Dangote refinery is the sole facility in Nigeria producing petrol, while most modular refineries primarily focus on diesel output.

The Crude Oil Refineries Association of ​Nigeria (CORAN) also confirmed that none have been issued so far in March, signalling ​a shift towards prioritising local output. However, this has since changed, spurred by the latest development.

Industry statistics show that local refining provided an average of about 36.5 million litres per day that month, with imports adding roughly 3 million litres daily, resulting in a total supply of around 39.5 million litres per day.

According to reports, until recently, no petrol import permits had been issued under the current NMDPRA leadership, suggesting that the new approvals signal a deliberate policy shift to preserve supply diversity and adaptability as the domestic market continues to develop.

Nigeria’s average daily petrol consumption fell to 56.9 million litres per day ​in February 2026, ​down from 60.2 ⁠million litres in January.

In February, the Dangote Refinery supplied 36.5 million litres of petrol and 8 million litres of ​diesel to the local market, leaving a daily deficit of 20 million litres that was covered by previously imported stock.

According to NMDPRA, these volumes ​were sufficient, ⁠leading to its earlier decision to withhold import licenses.

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Economy

State Visit: CPPE, LCCI Urge Tinubu to Pursue Trade Expansion with UK

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Tinubu's Portrait

By Adedapo Adesanya

The Centre for the Promotion of Private Enterprise (CPPE) and the Lagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry (LCCI) have called for trade expansion ahead of President Bola Tinubu’s state visit to the United Kingdom.

In separate communications, the organisations urged President Tinubu to deepen economic ties as he visits the UK on the invitation of the King of England, King Charles III. His state visit to the UK next week will mark Nigeria’s first such visit to the UK in 37 years, when Military President Ibrahim Babangida was head of state.

The chief executive of CPPE, Mr Muda Yusuf, said the planned visit by Mr Tinubu to the UK is significant on multiple fronts.

“At a time of shifting global alliances and economic realignments, the visit presents both opportunity and responsibility.

“It is expected that leading Nigerian business figures will accompany the President, creating a platform for expanding trade flows, deepening investment partnerships, promoting Nigeria as a destination for capital, and strengthening financial-sector linkages.

“The UK remains a major source of portfolio flows, development finance, and private-sector investment into Nigeria. Structured engagements during the visit could unlock opportunities in infrastructure, energy, financial services, technology, manufacturing, and agribusiness,” Mr Yusuf stated.

On her part, the Director General of the LCCI, Mrs Chinyere Almona, noted that the visit represents a historic opportunity to recalibrate Nigeria–UK relations from traditional diplomacy to focused economic diplomacy.

“At a time when Nigeria is implementing bold macroeconomic reforms, this visit should be leveraged to secure concrete commitments on trade expansion, long-term investment, and cooperation on the business environment.

“From the perspective of the Lagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the overriding objective should be to translate goodwill into measurable economic outcomes that strengthen Nigeria’s productive base and export capacity,” she said.

According to her, recent data underscore the strategic importance of the UK to Nigeria’s economy, noting that in Q3 2025, Nigeria recorded capital importation of approximately US$6.01 billion, representing a significant year-on-year surge.

“Notably, the United Kingdom emerged as Nigeria’s largest source of capital inflows, accounting for about US$2.94 billion, or nearly half of total inflows during the quarter. These inflows were driven predominantly by portfolio investment, particularly into the financial and banking sectors, reflecting renewed foreign investor confidence following Nigeria’s macroeconomic adjustments.

“On the trade front, total trade in goods and services between Nigeria and the UK stood at approximately £8 billion in the 12 months to mid-2025,” she said.

She said, however, that the relationship remains structurally imbalanced, with UK exports to Nigeria significantly exceeding Nigeria’s exports to the UK.

“Ultimately, the economic agenda of this state visit should be guided by Nigeria’s most pressing challenges: export diversification, inflation-induced cost pressures, infrastructure deficits, and the need for stable long-term capital,” Mrs Almona said in an interview with Nairametrics.

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Economy

Preference for Foreign Currencies in Domestic Transactions Threat to Financial System—EFCC

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foreign currencies domestic transactions

By Dipo Olowookere

The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) has frowned on the use of foreign currencies for financial transactions in Nigeria, saying this could disrupt the nation’s stability.

The acting Zonal Director of the agency in Ilorin, Mrs Victoria Ugo-Ali, informed the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) that the EFCC chairman, Mr Ola Olukoyede, is determined to curb the increasing preference for foreign currencies in domestic transactions, describing the practice “as a serious threat to the stability of the nation’s financial system.”

Speaking during a courtesy visit to the Branch Controller of the Ilorin Branch of the central bank, Mr Monga Muhammed, on Tuesday, Mrs Ugo-Ali noted that “many economic and financial crimes are perpetrated through financial institutions,” stressing the importance of timely intelligence and reports on suspicious transactions.

She called on the apex bank to continue providing the commission with relevant financial intelligence that would aid investigations and help curb money laundering and other financial crimes.

She also reiterated that the growing preference for foreign currencies in local transactions undermines the value of the naira and weakens public confidence in the national currency.

In his response, Mr Muhammed commended the Zonal Director and the management team of the EFCC for the visit, promising to sustain and deepen the already cordial relationship between the two organisations.

He described the engagement as the first of its kind and expressed optimism that it would further strengthen the cooperation between both institutions.

“At our end here, we will continue to partner with you because we carry out complementary functions. While your duty is to tackle economic and financial crimes, our responsibility, primarily as the apex bank, is to stabilise the economy and regulate financial institutions. We will not fail in that regard,” he said.

The CBN Branch Controller further disclosed that the apex bank had put several measures in place to address naira abuse and the dollarisation of the economy.

According to him, the CBN has the capacity to track currency in circulation and would not hesitate to apply appropriate sanctions against individuals or organisations found trading illegally in the nation’s currency.

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