Feature/OPED
Africa’s Food Security: Promotion of Millet Consumption and Cultivation
By Shmuel Ja’Mba Abm
The year 2023 was the year Millet was declared by none other body than the world-renowned United Nations as the Crop of the Year. Apart from its nutritional values, scientists have discovered, that millet doesn’t only reverse diabetes (type II) but also prevents the onset of diabetes. When its potential is exploited to the fullest, millet comes as the best of crops to give optimum attention and consideration for food security on the following grounds.
Millet is considered the sixth most important cereal in the world. It is a drought-resistant crop and adapts well in less fertile lands. When nursed and transplanted, a single sown grain is capable of shooting several tillers making up to 20 stalks to carry several panicles, which gives it an increased yield per grain, thereby increasing its food security measure in density.
A good source of carbohydrates, fibre, minerals, proteins and key vitamins, potential health benefits of millet include protection against cardiovascular diseases. It helps in healthy weight loss and the management of inflammation in the gut. Millet is also gluten-free.
In Ghana, only pearl and sorghum millet are grown, although several other types of millet are cultivated elsewhere in West Africa, such as fonio. Millet is originally native to the highlands of East Africa with the domestication of finger millet before the third millennium BCE.
Pearl millet is cultivated mainly in the Upper East and in the Upper West Regions, whilst the Northern, North East and Savanna Regions also cultivate sorghum, also grown in the two Upper Regions. Two types of pearl millet grow in Ghana – naara (early-bearing millet) and zia (late-bearing millet).
Naara millet is processed and eaten in several ways, including freshly harvested and roasted over a fire and peeled or eaten from the cob, unlike zia. Both naara and zia are used to prepare local dishes like foroforo, kooko, maasa, zomkom, or tuozaafi – all fermented.
Both naara and zia are used to make kaponu, or buttered zom, using shea butter. Both types could be chewed or eaten in their raw unprocessed state, when dried or freshly harvested. In modern times, tasty biscuits or cakes are made from millet, when the flour is substituted for barley, rye or wheat.
Sorghum is an excellent substitute for barley, rye and wheat for those who can’t tolerate gluten. In general terms, pearl millet or sorghum millet flour is used to do anything barley, rye or wheat flour should do.
It is used to make leavened and unleavened bread. It is used to prepare couscous, including making of fermented and unfermented beverages. It is the raw material for the brewery of pito, name of the indigenous beer.
For the 2023 crop season, an estimated 333,440 metric tons of sorghum was harvested in Ghana. Since 2017, the annual demand for millet grew by an average of 0.2%.
The history of cultivation of millet in Navrongo goes back to the 4,000 or more years of its existence. Navrongo is a historic and the second most important town of the Upper East Region in Ghana.
Millet consumption among people within the Sahel and Savanna regions of West Africa is rising due to its nutritional values and consciousness of healthy eating habits among the new generation. According to cultures, preparations differ from region to region.
But zomkom is common, from Burkina Faso and Ghana; through Niger and Northern Nigeria, where it is known among Hausa-speaking people as kunu. Zomkom or kunu is easy to prepare. A handful or two is enough to serve one person. Zomkom is a drink, with the residue of ground millet eaten after it.
Though others prefer it fermented, zomkom in many homes comes unfermented. However, it is uncooked. Ground coarsely, others prefer eating it with pepper and shea butter, after a thorough mixing, kneading and squeezing the flour into palm-sized balls before pouring water into it. The water is drunk first. Then the food is eaten scooped in piecemeal. The same mixture could be eaten with sugar and/or milk.
Or when preferred cooked, the coarsely grounded millet flour is poured into a boiling water of mushrooms or a protein of choice with salt, a paste of tomatoes, Bell pepper, chillies spinach or any preferred green. The quantity is determined according to the servings required. Stir till thickened to choice.
Tuozaafi is eaten among the Sahel and Savanna natives. The word tuozaafi is in Hausa, meaning its patronage across Northern Nigeria and Niger, Burkina Faso, Ghana and wherever in West Africa millet is cultivated. Tuozaafi is often prepared, preferably with a small quantity of finely ground flour fermented overnight.
The quantity of water used for the fermentation is according to one’s preference, whether intense or light fermentation. The fermented water is poured out of the container into a larger cooking pot, leaving the fermented flour in the container.
Fresh water is added to the fermented water in the cooking pot and boiled. Then contents of the fermented flour are stirred and drained gradually into the boiling water of mixed fermented water and fresh water in the cooking pot. Stir continuously for a while. Leave to boil into porridge, some of which could be fetched down and drank as kooko.
After the porridge in the cooking pot boils for a while, a handful quantities of dry finely ground flour is added gradually and stirred with the porridge. The quantity of dry flour is according to the grade of thickened pulp of porridge sought. Tuozaafi is eaten with okra sauce prepared in the West African style.
Others eat it with peanut butter sauce cooked with protein of choice and ingredients like grounded tomatoes, chillies, cabbage, salt, and aubergine. Add beef or chicken stock to taste, if preferred. Or add dawadawa. Dawadawa is the Hausa word for local protein-rich fermented and cooked monkey fruit nuts.
The connection to millet cultivation is ancestral, passed on passionately from generation to generation. The Navrongo Millet Experiment Farm is the result and a launch into the future. The prospects are great, according to data and science.
It was a challenge to engage in agriculture at a time the new generation of youth are increasingly westernised, and are under peer pressure hopefully to secure nonexistent-to-secure white-collar jobs and live urban lives.
Also, this challenge became intense with uncertainty, when most farmers moved away from the cultivation of millet due to the effects of climate change on rainfall patterns, and declining yield due to several factors of declining soil fertility.
Data, however, puts forward and suggests millet as the future crop, due to the effects of climate change, making the weather drier and hotter, which millet has a proven record of resilience. However, it requires the inevitable development of improved modern agricultural practices and techniques to address falling soil fertility and irregular rainfall patterns, which in turn requires the sinking of investment through funding.
The challenge of engagement in agriculture was overcome by the resolve and determination to preserve and maintain an ancient crop, which use in the future is more impactful, imminent and resourceful to generations yet unborn.
This meant a need to modify past practices into modern agriculture to avert challenges in past agriculture practices, by use of improved land preparation methods, such as the use or procured tractor ploughing services. And this comes at a cost, due to rising costs in fuel, in particular diesel, another funding imperative.
The challenge with funding has not yet been overcome and has become the last hurdle to expand millet cultivation and launch the Navrongo Millet Experiment Farm into the mainstream limelight, currently at two acres. The land was underutilised for this season, due to the same reason.
Depending on revenue flow in subsequent years, the Navrongo Millet Experiment Farm will expectedly see projected expansion if revenue indicators show positive. Though millet is not highly susceptible to pest attacks, compared to other crops, improved storage is a non-negotiable future plan, which needs assistance.
Of course, it makes it easier to own a tractor complete with implements to give the project its all. Anything else like funding to finance the drilling of a borehole (s) to supply water for intermittent irrigation is a big boost to the project, too. The injection of working capital to support the project is such a lifeline to sustain the programme into the future
Shmuel Ja’Mba Abm has extensive scholarly publications that establish him as a leading academic expert in regional geopolitical dynamics and diplomatic relations in Africa. He is an author of e-monographs on geopolitics, ethnic conflicts, and political philosophy.
Feature/OPED
Building 234 Solutions: A Response to Everyday Workforce Challenges
By Owoloye Emmanuel
Every business starts with a problem. For us, that problem was hiding in plain sight.
Across organisations, we kept seeing HR professionals, payroll teams, and business leaders spend significant time navigating processes that should be simpler. Employee records sat across multiple systems, payroll processes required manual intervention, and routine workforce tasks often became more complicated than they needed to be.
As businesses grow, workforce operations naturally become more complex. Yet many organisations still rely on disconnected tools and workflows that create unnecessary friction for both employers and employees.
The consequence is more than operational inefficiency. HR teams spend valuable time managing systems instead of supporting people. Business leaders struggle to access timely workforce insights, while employees experience delays in processes that should be seamless.
These weren’t isolated challenges. They were recurring realities across workplaces, regardless of industry or size.
That observation led us to a simple question: what if workforce management could be easier?
What if HR, payroll, and workforce operations could work together within a single, connected experience?
That question became the foundation for 234 Solutions.
We are building 234 Solutions with a clear belief that workplace technology should reduce complexity, not add to it. Our goal is to help organisations spend less time navigating processes and more time focusing on productivity, growth, and people.
As we prepare for launch, our focus remains simple: building practical solutions for real workplace challenges and helping organisations create better experiences for the people who power them every day.
Owoloye Emmanuel is the founder of 234 Solutions
Feature/OPED
The Role of TV in Preserving African Stories and Identity
Scroll through social media today, and you will notice something interesting: everyone is either reacting to a series, quoting a movie line, or debating a character as though they personally know them. Beneath the memes and binge-watch culture, however, lies something deeper. Television remains one of the most powerful tools shaping how Africans see themselves, remember their history, and tell their own stories. In a continent as diverse and expressive as Africa, that matters more than ever.
TV as a Cultural Archive, Not Just Entertainment
Long before streaming algorithms began shaping our viewing habits, television was already preserving African identity. From Nollywood dramas that capture the rhythm of everyday Lagos life to documentaries exploring Maasai traditions and Ghanaian folklore, TV has served as a living archive of the continent’s stories.
It preserves more than entertainment; it preserves language, culture, humour, values, and shared experiences. Unlike fleeting social media content, television allows stories to unfold with depth, exploring the realities of family, tradition, ambition, and modern African life without reducing them to stereotypes. That is the power of TV: preserving not just stories, but perspective.
Why Representation on TV Still Matters
There is a subtle but important truth: if people do not see themselves on screen, they may begin to believe their stories are not worth telling. This is why African TV content is more than entertainment; it is affirmation.
Seeing a character who speaks like you, struggles like you, or celebrates like your community does something powerful. It validates identity and challenges outdated narratives that have historically defined Africa through external lenses.
This is where MultiChoice Group, through platforms such as DStv and GOtv, plays an important role. They do not simply broadcast content; they help distribute cultural memory at scale.
GOtv, DStv, and the Everyday African Viewer
Think about a typical evening in many African homes: the TV is on in the background, someone is laughing at a comedy show, another person is watching a local series, and someone else is catching up on the news. That shared viewing experience remains very real.
Through platforms such as DStv and GOtv, African households are exposed to a blend of local storytelling and global content. More importantly, they have helped amplify African-produced content by bringing Nollywood films, African reality shows, talk shows, and documentaries into mainstream rotation.
It is not just about access. It is about visibility.
A young filmmaker in Lagos today is more likely to believe their story matters because they have seen similar stories broadcast widely. A child in Accra grows up hearing familiar accents and seeing environments that look like their own on screen, not as exceptions, but as the norm.
TV Is Also Shaping Modern African Identity
African identity is not static; it is evolving. Television reflects that evolution in real time.
Today, audiences see:
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Young Africans balancing tradition and modern dating culture
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Stories tackling mental health in African households
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Fashion and music influences spreading through TV series
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Political satire shaping public conversation
Conversations that were once confined to homes are now being explored on screen, giving audiences the language to discuss issues that were previously unspoken.
In many ways, television is doing what oral tradition has always done: passing stories, values, humour, warnings, and history from one generation to the next. The difference is that today’s griots are writers, directors, and broadcasters.
The Future: From Watching to Owning Our Narratives
The next stage of African storytelling is not just about being seen; it is about ownership.
As more African creators produce content and platforms continue to invest in regional storytelling, television becomes more than a mirror. It becomes a tool for shaping how Africa is represented to itself and to the world.
While streaming continues to grow, television, particularly accessible platforms such as GOtv, remains one of the most effective ways to reach everyday audiences across different income levels and regions. After all, storytelling only matters if people can access it.
African stories are not new. They have always existed in families, on streets, in markets, in history books, and through oral traditions. What television has done, and continues to do, is give those stories a stage wide enough for millions to experience them at once.
The next time you watch a local series or documentary on DStv or GOtv, remember that you are not just being entertained. You are participating in the preservation of African identity itself.
Feature/OPED
The Future of AI in Nigerian SMEs: Overcoming Barriers to Implementation
By Kehinde Ogundare
Ask a tech entrepreneur in San Francisco what AI means for their business, and they are likely to talk about competitive advantage, product differentiation, and scale. Ask a small business owner in Kano or Onitsha the same question, and the conversation shifts entirely.
For many Nigerian SMEs, the priority is keeping the lights on, managing costs, and finding sustainable ways to grow in a challenging economic environment. This difference in perspective explains why the global AI conversation, often shaped by assumptions about stable infrastructure, deep capital, and abundant technical talent, frequently fails to address the realities facing Nigerian SMEs.
This matters because Nigerian SMEs are not a peripheral concern. In 2024 alone, MSMEs contributed 46.32% to Nigeria’s GDP, accounting for 96.9% of businesses and 87.9% of employment. These businesses are the backbone of the Nigerian economy, and if AI is going to mean anything for Nigeria’s development, it has to work for them in the daily conditions they actually operate in.
However, research drawing on empirical data from 144 Nigerian SMEs found that inadequate infrastructure, low digital literacy, skills shortages, and regulatory gaps are collectively preventing them from meaningfully engaging with AI. Awareness of AI is high and growing. What is missing is a clear and honest conversation about what adoption actually requires in this specific context. The barriers are real, but none of them are insurmountable. The question is whether the tools, pricing models, and support structures being offered to Nigerian SMEs are designed with those barriers in mind, or whether they have been built for another market entirely.
Subscription models making AI affordable for small businesses
When most small business owners hear “AI,” they imagine expensive software, specialist consultants, and a hefty upfront bill.
That assumption is not entirely wrong, but it describes a particular way of buying technology, not AI itself. The shift that makes AI genuinely accessible at the SME level is the move away from large, one-time capital purchases towards tools that charge a predictable monthly subscription. Businesses can pay for what they use, scale back when necessary, and avoid the debt that a major technology investment can create.
The deeper opportunity here is consolidation. Many SMEs are already spending money across multiple disconnected tools—one for invoicing, another for customer records, another for stock tracking—none of which talk to each other. An integrated platform that handles several of these functions together, with AI built in, can actually cost less than the sum of those separate subscriptions while giving business owners a clearer picture of their operations.
With margins already under pressure, any technology a business adopts needs to visibly show an increase in productivity or bottom line. Subscription-based, integrated platforms, priced transparently and honestly, are the model that best fits this reality.
Infrastructure challenges demand a mobile-first approach
No conversation about technology in Nigeria is complete without confronting the infrastructure problem, and AI is no exception. Nigeria continues to face major infrastructure barriers, including limited broadband access, unreliable power supply, and high data costs, all of which constrain deeper AI adoption. These are structural features of the operating environment that any sensible technology strategy must account for today.
The electricity situation alone is significant. The World Bank estimates that the lack of stable electricity costs Nigeria’s economy approximately $26.2 billion annually, equivalent to about 2% of GDP, forcing many businesses to run on expensive diesel generators. That cost ripples outward.
In practical terms, AI tools built for Nigeria cannot assume a stable broadband connection or a computer that is always powered on. The tools that will actually get used are the ones that work on a smartphone, consume minimal data, and can function offline when connectivity drops, syncing back up when it returns. The mobile phone is already how many Nigerian SME owners run their businesses. AI that meets them there, rather than demanding infrastructure they do not have, is AI that has a genuine future in this market.
The direction is clear: build capability from within, using tools that make that possible. Recent AI performance research reveals that 64% of African workers are already actively using AI at work, signalling massive grassroots readiness and driving forward-thinking organisations across Nigeria, Kenya, and South Africa to aggressively prioritise internal upskilling frameworks to bridge the talent gap.
As the policy groundwork is being laid, the commercial ecosystem is beginning to respond. What remains is a clear-eyed acceptance that AI tools built for this market need to look different from those built for markets with different realities. Low cost, low bandwidth, and usability for non-technical people are not modest ambitions; they are the actual requirements. Build for those realities, and AI has a real future in Nigeria’s SME economy.
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